This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 11484, including the Title Page, Copyright information, and Table of Contents.

When designing optical sub-assemblies that include gradient-index (GRIN) elements, the designer needs to have confidence in the ray trace results. However, developing such confidence is not as straightforward for GRIN as it is for homogeneous material. In this paper, GRIN raytracing is discussed at a high-level and considerations that are important for users to understand when incorporating GRIN elements into a design are discussed. Methods for ray transfer through GRIN materials involve numerical integration of a differential equation. These methods generally require that the user specify a step parameter for the differential equation solver. While this step parameter is generally the only control the user has over the GRIN ray trace, it is important for a designer to understand how error and execution time vary with this step parameter. Another issue that designers should be aware of is that the common scheme for the GRIN ray trace does not yield continuous ray trajectories, but instead gives the position and direction at a set of discrete (approximate) points on the ray. Therefore, the integration methods need to be supplemented in order to determine optical path length. Another consequence of not having a continuous trajectory is that the algorithm for transferring the ray through the GRIN material must be supplemented with an appropriate algorithm to determine the ray-surface intersection (and the direction of the ray at this intersection point). The effect of these supplemental algorithms on the ultimate GRIN ray trace accuracy is also discussed.

A multichip light-emitting diode (LED) should not be treated as a point source at short-distance illumination. For that, we propose a general, simple, but accurate mathematical model of the irradiance spatial distribution for multichip LEDs, valid at very short distance illumination. This model provides the irradiance profile as a function of both the LED-target distance and the coordinates of every point on the irradiated surface. The model is formulated in function of the chip array geometry, number chips, multichip LED size, and light flux. The accuracy of the irradiance pattern model is tested both with theory and with experimental measurements.

The aim of this paper is to study the behavior of the emission spectrum when there is a spectral interference or a spatial interference between the LEDs. Several heterojunction LEDs were desgined and modeled using COMSOL multiphysics. The simulated LEDs showed 3.75% average mismatch to the measured UV-Vis-NIR LEDs spectra. The heterojunction LED showed that the relative intensity has a direct proportional relation to the spectral interference and an inversely proportional relation to the spatial distribution. Moreover, the cool white LED was constructed using the royal blue LED and the yellow LED.

End-to-end simulation of the influence of the optical train on the observed scene is important across optics and is particularly important for predicting the science yield of astronomical telescopes. As a consequence of their goal of suppressing starlight, coronagraphic instruments for high-contrast imaging have particularly complex field-dependent point-spread-functions (PSFs). The Roman Coronagraph Instrument (CGI), Hybrid Lyot Coronagraph (HLC) is one example. The purpose of the HLC is to image exoplanets and exozodiacal dust in order to understand dynamics of solar systems. This paper details how images of exoplanets and exozodiacal dust are simulated using some of the most recent PSFs generated for the CGI HLC imaging mode. First, PSFs are generated using physical optics propagation techniques. Then, the angular offset of pixels in image scenes, such as exozodiacal dust models, are used to create a library of interpolated PSFs using interpolation and rotation techniques, such that the interpolated PSFs correspond to angular offsets of the pixels. This means interpolation needs only be done once and an image can then be simulated by multiplying the vector array of the model astrophysical scene by the matrix array of the interpolated PSF data. This substantially reduces the time required to generate image simulations by reducing the process to matrix multiplication, allowing for faster scene analysis. We will detail the steps required to generate coronagraphic scenes, quantify the speed-up of our matrix approach versus other implementations, and provide example code for users who wish to simulate their own scenes using publicly available HLC PSFs.

Silicon photonics offers great potential for monolithic integrated photonic and electronic components using existing integrated circuit fabrication infrastructure. However, methods to analyze the impact of IC process variations on performance of photonic components remain limited. Statistical models based on either simulations or experiments that quantify the effect of these variations are necessary to achieve high-yield manufacturing. In order to cope with the non-linearity in the S-parameters of photonic device components and circuits, non-linear parameter fitting is often used prior to statistical modeling, e.g., rational polynomial fitting of ring resonator responses. The conventional approach treats the amplitude and phase of the S-parameters separately in the fitting process; however, this can be problematic when the behavior of the S-parameters becomes complicated under the variations, since it neglects the strong correlation between amplitude and phase. We present a novel representation of S-parameters that decomposes the complex-numbered S-parameters into several components each having a simple response that does not require non-linear parameter fitting, and that supports subsequent statistical analysis. We apply the proposed S-parameter decomposition method to Ysplitters with imposed line edge roughness variations. In contrast to the difficulty of the conventional amplitudephase representation, the decomposed representation shows improvement in statistical modeling of variation ensembles, e.g., using principle component analysis. The method can be extended to other photonic components and circuits with other process variations, to help quantify the effect of process variations for statistical analysis, and to help designers predict and optimize photonic component performance and yield.

Current report considers further development of an online, cloud-based application for polarized light propagation in turbid scattering media its practical use in the creation of novel optical biopsy and sensing techniques. As a part of the ongoing effort to create a generalized platform, we implemented a Monte Carlo based technique based on the tracking of the transformations of the electric field amplitudes as well as the Stokes vectors along the photon packet trajectories. The results are compared with exact analytical solutions, phantom studies and experimental data obtained during laboratory studies. Computational solutions are accelerated by parallel programming on graphics processing units (GPUs), offer a responsive web interface and provide nearly real time access to the results of simulations.

We provide insight into the driving mechanisms and requirements to create an electro-optic spatial light modulator based on a Barium Titanate waveguide and an optically transparent electrode cladding layer. We have developed a generic framework of electric field simulations and non-linear optics to create any desired modulation in an area of interest, applicable for liquid crystals, Pockels and Kerr cells. Targeting our device structure, we have evaluated several design parameters of the arbitrarily reprogrammable SLM, capable of optical beamforming and high-quality holograms.

Diffractive- and metalenses are shown to be quite useful in recent years for many applications. They are both defined as thin structured layers on a surface which is usually flat, and the difference between them lies in the scale of the structure: sub-wavelength range in the case of metalenses, wavelength range for diffractive. The expected functionality of such components is to produce a change in the incidence wavefront phase. Additional electromagnetic phenomena, like amplitude and polarization changes, can and do occur, and they must be considered in the modeling so to evaluate the overall performance of the system. We will present a physical-optics-based approach to deal with the modeling of the whole diffractive-/metasurfaces, by decomposing the input field into numbers of sub-fields and studying the interaction of each sub-field with a local extension of the surface. Examples on meta-gratings and diffractive-/metalenses will be presented.

Tolerancing and alignment steps in optical engineering involve modeling errors to the system. Typical approaches involve perturbing the optical system model to determine sensitivities. In this paper, we provide a combinatorial group error approach using base gradient and Hessian for the figure of merit corresponding to a perturbed optical system. We provide key formulas and principles of the method versus the rigor of showing robust implementation. Thus, the key expressions for grouping and combining the errors are given in a general form that can be easily extended to include additional basic sets of optical system errors. The method described here can be applied for any type of error given its constituent derivatives, and single surface errors. The paper includes examples and high-level comments on robust implementation of the principles shown.

This study is trying to design the thermal load effect on the soft x-ray beamline first mirror from ID (Insertion Device). The beamline first mirror is HFM (Horizontal Focus Mirror), the HFM need to absorb the thermal energy, soft X-ray the footprint size om HFM is 120*5.2 mm, the thermal power is about 270 W. The HFM cooling by the water pipe mounted on the thermal fin, mirror and thermal fin contact by Gallium–Indium alloy. The HFM thermal fin's Gallium–Indium alloy seal by nickel tube avoids leaking in the vacuum chamber. The HFM thermal fin design can cooling mirror backside and part of frontside, and the HFM thermal bump need small than 10u rad.

This paper investigates correlation between extended source fraction of encircled energy (FEE) and modulation transfer function (MTF) of an optical system from a metrology point of view. Statistics of FEE for a population of lenses was calculated by using a Monte Carlo simulation incorporating manufacturing tolerances. MTF and extended FEE of a group of lenses were measured. The simulation and measured data demonstrates no correlation between extended FEE and MTF signifying the necessity of separate FEE measurement if essential.

In this paper, we perform the simulation of arbitrary pattern to be recorded using the point array technique. At first, it is assumed that lithography is performed by forming an array spot based on a DMD device that is turned at a specific angle. The simulation was constructed in two steps: creating images for DMD and predicting pattern results. In the simulation process, we reflect the parameter of the each spot in point array. The parameters are consist of spot position, spot size, and spot intensity profile.

Warfare environment get more complex day by days by developing technology. This improvements and complexity cause missile performance degradation. To eliminate these negative aspects, more technological and more complex systems and algorithm are used in new generation missile. Dual mode or triple mode seekers are produced to resolve these problems. More effective and more reliable system can be achievable by combination of different kind of working principle. In this study, cost effective imaging and signal processing solution combination is reviewed. Its conceptual design criteria are assumed in system level and both designs of systems are illustrated. In imaging part, uncooled long wave infrared is chosen for both cost effective and compactness. In signal processing part, four quadrant semi-active seeker is chosen for same reason. Finally, their performance results are shown.

We have developed a compact optical endoscopic probe for in vivo fluorescence optical imaging device. We obtained fluorescence image for the colon tissue of a mouse using a compacted optical endoscopic probe with a designed endoscopic optical lens. In order to demonstrate endoscopic fluorescence imaging for the colon cancer, we have manufactured a compacted optical endoscopic probe to pass through the biopsy channel of electric flexible endoscope. The compacted optical endoscopic probe with maximum outside diameter of 2.8mm consists of fiber-optic illumination part and imaging part. The imaging part consists of a fiber-optic imaging bundle linked to an endoscopic optical lens and focus assembly. We considered a compact structure, sensitivity, and FOV for the design of the endoscopic optical lens. We have suggested an endoscopic optical lens with an FOV of 90 ° and DOF of 3 – 80mm. The optical system consists of glass-based aspheric lenses. The total track is less than 2.5 mm, and the diameter is limited to less than 1.5 mm to obtain a compact system. We have presented the compacted optical endoscopic probe for cancer imaging of a mouse. The proposed endoscopic optical lens showed sufficient sensitivity and a wide field of view for obtaining fluorescence imaging. We demonstrated endoscopic ex vivo fluorescence imaging for the colon cancer of a mouse using the compacted optical endoscopic probe.

We designed freeform reflector and lenses to develop black box that can be shot 360-degree with one channel to overcome for disadvantage of previous black box camera. The optical performance and optical path were simulated by using the optics design software such as Zemax. Our black box is located at the top of the vehicle, And, the Field of view of our camera is designed to shoot up to about 4 meters from the vehicle.

According to the World Health Organization, 31% of worldwide deaths are due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The principal cause of death in 85% of the CVD cases are heart attack and stroke. About 795,000 people have a new or recurrent stroke annually in the U.S.A. alone. A study pointed out that 63% of stroke patients have at least one episode of cerebral hypoxia being able to cause coma, seizures, and even brain death. In previous work, we introduced a biocompatible, mechanically stable, and transparent nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized-zirconia (nc-YSZ) cranial implant to provide optical access to the brain. The nc-YSZ implant may facilitate the diagnosis and treatments of neurological disorders by imaging and laser-based techniques. In this study, we evaluate the scope of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy through the nc-YSZ cranial implant in the diagnosis of oxygen consumption in normal and hypoxic conditions (greater and less than 95%, respectively). We use the Monte Carlo method to assess the optical access provided by the implant to detect normal and decreased oxygen consumption. To emulate the brain tissue, we used a four-layer structure: skull, gray matter with an embedded blood vessel, white matter, and air at the top, structured in a numerical model with anisotropy as well as Rayleigh and Mie scattering. We analyze two scenarios, constant blood volume at variable oxyhemoglobin saturation, and constant oxyhemoglobin saturation at variable blood volume. We use light irradiation sources at 756 and 810 nm to compute light propagation in a semi-infinite medium and diffuse reflectance backward. The penetration depth and diffusely backscattered energy showed the feasibility of monitoring hypoxia episodes while blood flux in vessels decreases during a stroke with more accuracy when the volume of the blood vessel is reduced in a stroke.

This event is dedicated to the sharing of key optical lessons learned. Nearly all optical engineers, scientists, researchers, or managers have dealt with the unexpected. Many of these situations in hindsight are quite funny, and have buried within them key optical/managerial lessons learned. The problem with simply listing lessons learned is that as a simple listing, they are clearly hard to remember, thus history repeats itself much to our collective debit. This event will help us all remember the important take-aways by presenting a collection of small stories or optical parables from Leaders in the fields of optics and optical systems engineering. Please note that our Lessons Learned Speakers are encouraged to embellish their material (within editorial limits), and names, places, and dates may be changed to protect the guilty, but all the take-aways will have a basis in truth as avowed by the author. Audience participation will be allowed/ encouraged, as time permits. For a full description, see https://spie.org/OP/special-events/Technical-Event#believe