This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 6784, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any), and the Conference Committee listing.

Many of the features of EPON and WiMAX are complementary. In [1] we proposed four basic architectures for the integration of EPON and WiMAX, which employs an EPON as a backhaul to interconnect multiple WiMAX base stations. The integration takes advantage of the high capacity of fibre communication as well as the mobile and non-line of sight (NLOS) features of wireless communication. In this article, we recap these basic architectures and relevant operational issues. We further propose more integrated architectures that are extended from the four basic architectures. In addition, more design and operational issues relevant to the architectures are discussed. We expect that integration of EPON and WiMAX can help realize fixed mobile convergence, and significantly reduce overall design and operational costs for the new-generation broadband access networks.

Initially deployed for voice service, Sonet/SDH has played a major role in today's service provider networks. In the past 10 years, the next generation SDH has become a robust platform solution to transport voice, video, and data. However, with the fundamental technology yet based on TDM, existing equipment architectures can not scale sufficiently to meet the tremendous data demands in future. Furthermore, as the number of network nodes increases, provisioning and managing these network nodes is becoming increasingly complicated. The evolution of optical transport networks poses challenges to service providers on how to support existing TDM services, while addressing the rapid growth of data services, such as triple play and Ethernet virtual private networks (VPNs), etc. To remain competence, carriers are looking for ways to cut Capex and Opex while delivering new revenue generating and profitable services.At the same time, this evolution is a challenge to equipment suppliers as well. Transport tend to integrate TDM and packet services seamlessly, which enables network element to deliver carrier-class, standardized and packet optimized services. In this paper, three technical solutions for transport node will be introduced, and their cost, functions, advantages and disadvantages will be compared as well.

We have designed and experimentally demonstrated optical networking technologies for generating, transmitting and switching 100Gbit/s packet signals in optical networks. The performance of 100Gb/s packet transmission over cascaded ROADM nodes with WSSs and over label switched metro networks are discussed.

This paper describes the Task Scheduling problem over Ethernet Virtual Connections which provides multiple-granularity and the problem of scheduling tasks over two user network interfaces is considered. Three approximate models, 2SP, 2LSP and BWS are proposed with algorithms respectively. Numerical simulation results and comparisons are also presented.

This paper analyzes the reliability of Carrier Ethernet (CE) by employing the reliability data mining algorithm for communication network based on the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), and the result of the analysis validates that CE can satisfy the operation requirements of carrier network.

This paper presents a span-ring transport mechanism for multiple resilient packet rings based on GMPLS. The simulation result shows that this approach can be used to achieve transparent and reliable transportation of the span-ring services in the RPR multi-ring network.

Scientific research shows an ever-growing demand for more and higher quality network services. In 2001 the idea began to take hold at SURFnet that we had reached the boundaries of using ever faster connections and ever larger routers to satisfy this demand and that the heavy scientific utilisation of the network posed a growing risk for regular Internet traffic. SURFnet concluded that a simple extrapolation of then current layer3 networks would most likely not be the right answer. This presentation describes how SURFnet started to explore end-to-end lightpath provisioning as an alternative. This exploration has led to the realisation of SURFnet6 as a hybrid optical and packet switching infrastructure, NetherLight as an Open Lightpath Exchange and GLIF as a global facility for lambda networking.

This paper introduces the new Japanese academic backbone network called SINET3, which has been in full-scale operation since June 2007. SINET3 provides a wide variety of network services, such as multi-layer transfer, enriched VPN, enhanced QoS, and layer-1 bandwidth on demand (BoD) services to create an innovative and prolific science infrastructure for more than 700 universities and research institutions. The network applies an advanced hybrid network architecture composed of 75 layer-1 switches and 12 high-performance IP routers to accommodate such diversified services in a single network platform, and provides sufficient bandwidth using Japan's first STM256 (40 Gbps) lines. The network adopts lots of the latest networking technologies, such as next-generation SDH (VCAT/GFP/LCAS), GMPLS, advanced MPLS, and logical-router technologies, for high network convergence, flexible resource assignment, and high service availability. This paper covers the network services, network design, and networking technologies of SINET3.

The strategic objective of the European Union to provide broadband access for all of its citizens and also to develop technologies suitable for worldwide use leads to a number of projects aiming on different stages of the technological evolution of next generation fibre-to-the-X access networks. In order to catch up the revenue gap novel technologies are required that offer reduced CAPEX and OPEX. This can be obtained by a converged metro and access network with enhanced reach and splitting factor. Within the project MUSE for the first time a full-functional prototype of a future 10/2.5Gbit/s XL-PON (eXtra Large Passive Optical Network) system was realized and tested. The prototype systems consists of OLT, ONT, and an intermediate stage, called Metro Access Point (MAP) which contains optical amplifiers and a burst-mode transponder for 2.5Gbit/s. The XL-PON prototype fulfils all major requirements of a future next-generation PON¹. The PIEMAN project which started a year later researches the physical layer of a symmetrical 10 Gbit/s, 32 wavelength, 100 km reach and 512 way split access network² and shows very promising results until today. Both PIEMAN and XL-PON are intermediate steps towards the goal of a fully reconfigurable, fully tuneable combined WDM and TDM access networks which offers a multitude of services on a multitude of wavelength which are routed and activated as the demand requires.

Wavelength-routed networks have received enormous attention due to the fact that they are relatively simple to implement and implicitly offer Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees. However, they suffer from a bandwidth inefficiency problem and require complex Routing and Wavelength Assignment (RWA). Most attempts to address the above issues exploit the joint use of WDM and TDM technologies. The resultant TDM-based wavelength-routed networks partition the wavelength bandwidth into fixed-length time slots organized as a fixed-length frame. Multiple connections can thus time-share a wavelength and the grooming of their traffic leads to better bandwidth utilization. The capability of switching in both wavelength and time domains in such networks also mitigates the RWA problem. However, TMD-based wavelength-routed networks work in synchronous mode and strict synchronization among all network nodes is required. Global synchronization for all-optical networks which operate at extremely high speed is technically challenging, and deploying an optical synchronizer for each wavelength involves considerable cost. An Optical Slotted Circuit Switching (OSCS) architecture is proposed in this paper. In an OSCS network, slotted circuits are created to better utilize the wavelength bandwidth than in classic wavelength-routed networks. The operation of the protocol is such as to avoid the need for global synchronization required by TDM-based wavelength-routed networks.

This paper proposes a novel protection scheme based on the cyclic property of an array waveguide grating (AWG) and neighboring connection pattern between two adjacent optical network units (ONUs) for the hybrid WDM/TDM passive optical networks (PONs). Our scheme uses 50% fewer wavelengths while offering one order of magnitude better connection availability than the existing scheme.

The multi-layer network for the interworking between Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) and Labeled Optical Burst Switching (LOBS) is nowadays attractive for the future IP/DWDM network. In this paper, an effective protocol interface based on overlay model was proposed to enable the transparent transmission of Burst Header Packets (BHPs) and data bursts between OBS domains via a GMPLS network, while maintaining a simple interworking operation between LOBS and GMPLS networks. Moreover, the interface was implemented and evaluated by using a GMPLS/LOBS testbed, and the experimental results verified that it works effectively on the GMPLS/LOBS interconnection networks.

This paper introduces a novel notion of multi-granularity and multi-connectivity circuit switched network. Based on this notion, four routing schemes - Fixed Routing (FR), Maximum Remain (MR), Secured Maximum Remain (SMR) and Premium/Punishment Modification (PPM) are proposed. Numerical simulation results about the performance of these four schemes are also presented in this paper.

As the technologies in optical network evolve and develop, it is considered to control and manage the optical network resources as one of grid resources to overcome the shortcoming of traditional grid. This paper proposes a novel architecture for data-intensive transfer applications in optical grid network within the OGSA (Open Grid Service Architecture) context, which encapsulates optical network resource into grid service and provides fast, reliable data transfer service in multi-path mode. The architecture enabled to transport data in multi-path mode is implemented and verified in the optical grid testbed. The experimental results indicate data transfer service in multi-path mode is quite feasible and the multi-path mode from multiple sources to one destination is the most effective way for transporting large data file, which makes full use of underlying optical network.

Ethernet is now expanding into the metro area networks. To address the fast recovery and load balance issues in Metro Ethernet, we propose a multiple self-protected spanning trees based architecture. A self-protected spanning tree can recover from the link failure without the help the other spanning trees, which is different from the spanning trees in all the previously advocated Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP) based architectures. The Single Link Replace Mechanism (SLRM) is the essential of the proposed architecture. The SLRM transforms a self-protected spanning tree into another spanning tree by only replacing one link in the tree with another link out of the tree. The SLRM provides a recovery mechanism by replacing the failed link in the self-protected spanning tree with the normal link out of the tree, and makes a two-edge connected network survives any single link failure. It also provides an additional load balance mechanism by changing the topology of the spanning tree, which can not be implemented in the traditional MSTP-based architectures. The recovery and load balance mechanisms using the SLRM are detailed illustrated and evaluated using the sample networks. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the SLRM in achieving fast recovery and dynamic load balance.

An important feature of the next-generation network (NGN) is that it is predicated on network convergence architecture, providing all types of services, such as telephone and broadband services, on a single network. This is expected not only to reduce the CapEx and OpEx of carriers' networks but also to lead to the creation of a variety of integrated services. The core technology for network convergence is IP-packet-based integrated multimedia technology. The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) plays a central part in this. This presentation describes the role played by the IMS and its related technologies in achieving secure and QoS-guaranteed IP multimedia communication, and integrating a variety of services. In addition, it introduces NTT's NGN field trial, in which this technology is being verified.

The several optical components and modules technologies are reviewed for use in Re-configurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexter (ROADM) systems in Next Generation Network (NGN) ring networks. Especially, Athermal-AWG, PLC-ROADM and MEMS-WSS are now deployed in the actual field because of its maturity, good performance and highly reliability. In this paper, we introduced the technologies and actual performance and reliability data for actual use. In the near future, ROADM application must be more advanced and complex with these technologies and new technologies.

This paper firstly analysed the requirements of IMS-based service network convergence; and then introduced the network architecture and features of IMS, IMS service creation environment, IMS-based next generation network convergence architecture, and IMS-based service convergence platform. Then the paper proposed an implementation of IMS service triggering mechanism. Finally, the paper discussed the problems existing in service convergence.

This paper firstly elaborates the structure and characteristics of IMS, then discusses the HA architecture design for IMS core network. It also puts forward an HA solutions in terms of Service processing, Platform software, network topology and switch strategy. The backup mechanism of each module is described in detail.

Service convergence is an important characteristic of NGN(Next Generation Networking). How to integrate the service capabilities of telecommunication network and Internet. At first, this article puts forward the concepts and characteristics of SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture) and Web Service, then discusses relationship between them. Secondly, combined with five kinds of Service Provision in NGN, A service platform architecture design of NGN and a service development mode based on SOA are brought up. At last, a specific example is analyzed with BPEL (Business Process Execution Language) in order to describe service development flow based on SOA for NGN.

For reasons of survivability, many methods have been introduced to Automatically Switched Optical Network (ASON), such as path protection. In path protection, the protection path is link-disjoint, node-disjoint or risk-disjoint with the working path, which can improve the survivability of network. The complete risk-disjoint routing algorithm (CRDRA) is the most popular algorithm in protection path selection at present, in which the links sharing same risk with those contained in the working path are pruned away from the available resources when calculating protection path. By using this algorithm, the survivability of network can be enhanced; but the number of connections which can be successfully routed over current network drops. In this paper, a novel disjoint path selection scheme (DPSS) based on shared risk link group (SRLG) is proposed. In this algorithm, the risk-sharing links are not removed, but to be partially pruned away according to their availability and the weight of remained risk-sharing links should be adjusted to a proper value. Selecting protection path with DPSS, the number of connections that can be successfully routed will increase; in the mean time we can achieve a relative good survivability. Routing simulations have been done over mesh networks to compare the suggested DPSS with link-disjoint routing algorithm (LDRA) and CRDRA. With the simulation results, a conclusion can be made on the performance of different algorithms.

Automatically Switched Optical Network (ASON) is exciting technology in next generation optical network. And the reliable control plane plays a crucial role in creating high-level services in the transport network based on the Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) or Automatically Switched Optical Network. The new survivability testbed is introduced in this paper. Different network performance parameters, especially about protection and restoration parameters, could be collected or analyzed in this testbed.

The service plane based on the framework of Automatic Switching Optical Network can provide adaptive distributed services. Here, an available way to analyze transport network services and implementation of service plane is present. Moreover analysis of some transport network services founded on a testbed named Adaptive Multi-Service Optical Network(AMSON) we developed are shown as examples.

A GMPLS control plane mechanism for commissioning and maintaining LSPs was investigated for actual network deployment and operation. Testbed evaluation indicated the administrative status control in RSVP-TE effectively enabled such LSP management.

This paper describes clarifications and comparisons of routing models for multi-domain optical networks as well as the current status and future perspective for ASON/GMPLS technologies. The three routing models, the per-domain routing, the ASON hierarchical routing, and the PCE-based routing, have been being standardized for the ASON/GMPLS multi-domain networks. In this paper, we compare these three routing models in terms of path computation capabilities, on-line multiple path planning capability and inter-domain confidentiality. According to our analyses, the PCE-based routing and the ASON hierarchical routing models have rich path computation capabilities enough for multi-domain ASON/GMPLS network operation, while the per-domain routing does not provide much capabilities. One of the significant issues left for the ASON hierarchical routing model is an appropriate abstraction mechanism which strongly affects the path computation capabilities and inter-domain confidentiality. In addition to the sufficient path computation capabilities, the PCE-based routing model offers the on-line bulk optimization for multiple requests. Therefore, we concluded that the PCE-based routing is the most suitable for multi-domain ASON/GMPLS networks.

The routing technology is one of the key technologies in Automatic Switched Optical Networks (ASON). In this paper, we proposed a hierarchical approach for the dynamic establishment of constraint-based ligbtpaths in an ASON network. The algorithm performs multi-constraint path calculation on a transformed graph of interconnected border routers to find a feasible route based on the global state information present in each border router. We presented simulation results that have shown that the suggested scheme is capable of satisfying the requested with acceptable blocking probability at different traffic loads.

With more service providers making considerable investments to roll out multimedia services using IP technology, multimedia distribution, especially broadcast TV distribution over an IP network, the so called IPTV, is expected to grow impressively over coming years. However, there are confusing concepts and claims for this new technology: What is IPTV? Why do we need IPTV? How does it work? What are the requirements to design an efficient IPTV network? Are there any research problems? What are the solutions? In this paper, we will try to provide initial answers to all those questions based on our understanding and research work.

Ethernet ring protection (ERP) is a new technology based on OAM (operations, administration, and maintenance) being standardized by the ITU-T G.8032 working group. In this paper, we present the recent development of Ethernet ring protection which is called FDB (filtering database) flush scheme and propose a new Ethernet ring protection technique introducing a managed FDB using APS to deliver information how to fix FDB selectively. We discuss the current development of the ERP technology at ITU-T and performance comparisons between different proposals.

Light-trail is a solution to providing high resource utilization and sub-wavelength support [1]. A light-trail is a multi-point light-path, such that multiple users can take part in communication along the trail, through time (differentiated) non-overlapping connections. This multi-point flow model leads to a new set of problems in the area of protecting and restoring light-trail based networks. Conventional link protection which just protects the existed connection in the light-trail at the time of the failure is not sufficient for light-trails because of the potential of having multiple possible source-destination pairs in the same trail over time. The fact is demonstrated and explained detailedly in [4]. In this paper, a novel protection mechanism is proposed for light-trail WDM mesh network, which is Backup Light-trail Expending scheme. Subsequently the performance of this scheme is evaluated and compared to conventional Connection Dedicated Protection Scheme. Numerical results obtained by simulation indicate that, Backup Light-trail Expending Scheme has a faster restoration time and better wavelength utilization.

In this paper, the problem of how to enhance the survivability of network by use of protection in multi-domain environment is studied. The traditional protection schemes are mainly based on the end-to-end calculation of protection path, which is fixed through the entire protection path. This inflexibility does not fit well with the multi-domain networks. Hence, we propose a multi-domain protection (MDP) scheme to solve the problem. It is a domain-oriented scheme which can allow the protection path of a single connection be interconnected with a series of sections. As a result, each section of the protection path can be calculated according to the most suitable protection method in each domain. Simulation results show that MDP can combine various protection methods flexibly and improve survivability of network obviously. If the protection method in each domain is chosen appropriately, the survivability of network can be enhanced by 5% with MDP.

Network survivability has been one of the key topics when researching the optical network. For network survivability, select two routes should be selected that are disjoint when computing the working route and protecting route or restoring route. The purpose of the shared-protection algorithms under Shared Risk Link Group (SRLG) constraint is to search two routes that are disjoint from SRLG. Two shared-protection algorithms under Shared Risk Link Group (SRLG) constraint will be presented; they are KWFF and IFF algorithms. In the KWFF algorithm, the K-Shortest- Path (KSP) strategy is introduced on every wavelength plane to search usable resources adequately in the network, the working route and protecting route on every wavelength plane can be selected from the backup route set. And with the iterative strategy and the double weights of link, IFF algorithm could avoid the trap that can result in deteriorating the network performance. The simulation and results analysis will be in terms of two parts, the one is from the network performance, and other one is from the resources utilization. From the simulation results, it will be found that compared with other algorithms, KWFF and IFF algorithms could decrease the block probability and improve the performance in the network.

As WDM technology becomes mature, the number of wavelengths in WDM systems continues to increase, which will increase the complexity and costs of the switching fabrics in OXCs. As a result, multi-granularity (MG) optical network is introduced, which will significantly reduce the provisioning cost in optical domain. An important network design problem in MG networks is to provide survivability in the event of a failure. In this work, two shared protection schemes called SPPB (shared protection per bandpath) and SPPL (shared protection per lightpath) are proposed for protecting lightpaths against single link failure in multi-granularity optical networks. Some GRWA algorithms for SPPB and SPPL are also proposed. Analysis and simulation are performed to evaluate these protection schemes.

Recently, some solutions (such as UCLP, GARA and GridJIT, etc.) have been proposed to manage optical network resources as other grid resources. However, most of them do not consider optical network resources as general grid resources to schedule and share, and fatally they are not compatible with the new developed resource management framework WSRF (Web Service Resource Framework) within the global grid architecture OGSA. Besides, there are some other problems in the resources scheduling and sharing. This paper presents the economic-based grid-enabled management architecture for lightpath resources GRACIE, which improved the GRACE with the ability of scheduling and managing optical resources. Based on GRACIE, it proposed lightpath resource pricing algorithm and lightpath request scheduling scheme. Finally, we demonstrated their effectiveness by experiments on GridSim.

Gird Optical Network Service (GONS) integrates optical networks with Gird services to utilize their numerous benefits. A flexible and simple user network interface between GONS and GMPLS control plane is proposed and its effectivity is verified on the Parallel Lightpath-on-Demand Grid testbed.

A service provisioning model in optical grid for distributed computing is proposed, in which grid application resource and optical network resource are regarded as peer entities, and they are abstracted and encapsulated to provide the controllable and sharable service. The resource scheduling in optical grid is investigated, and a minimum cost algorithm to co-schedule the resources is presented. The algorithm co-schedules grid application resource and optical network resource to minimize the cost to perform the job. The simulation results show that the minimum cost algorithm can co-optimize usages of grid application resource and optical network resource and decrease the blocking probability of grid system.

During the past few years, gird technology has gained a rapid progress in E-Science, E-education, etc. All these typical grid applications are involved with huge data transacting and collaborating that need a more capable network infrastructure with sufficient bandwidth provisioning and high QOS guarantee other then the traditional Internet. Thus gives birth to the concept of Grid-enabled Optical Network (Optical Grid), which mainly orients to the data-intensive applications. In this paper, we give a vivid definition to Optical Grid, expound the most distinguished characteristics of it, propose a novel SOA-based architecture for it, and then introduce a fast and flexible restoration mechanism, named DIR, based on mature RSVP-TE for its control plane to support data-intensive grid applications, then make a deep analysis and illustration on the proposed mechanism, finally draw a conclusion that the DIR mechanism can achieve much rapid service recovery speed thus be very applicable for the distributed grid environment.

Manage and control mechanism orienting grids on distributed optical network is proposed to provide network resource sharing and management for widely distributed resources. WS-based distributing GMPLS network integrating with grid resource co-allocated is specified as a network resource control approach. Grid service architecture mechanism is introduced into distributed optical network to provide sharing network resource and a distributed managing method for widely sharing resource platform. Combining with Web service, as an entity representing distributed optical network, optical grid will be a good solving on distributed heterogeneous network resource problems. Distributing GMPLS network control combining with grid resource co-allocated is proposed to illustrate the control and management in distributed optical network. A test-bed implementing optical grid is built to show the allocation in unison between optical network and application resources on distributed heterogeneous resource architecture.

Current generalized multi-protocol label switching (GMPLS) based control plane is still facing some technical challenges in terms of feasibility, scalability, and performance, which prevent it from being deployed in the next-generation all-optical network. Sensor Technology is proposed to be used in this paper for enhancement of control plane on performance monitoring and fault management. Two models are presented for integration of control plane and sensor networks, as well as a new routing-based mechanism for notification of the performance and fault information. Experimental results show the difference between the two models and the advantages of the presented routing-based notification mechanism.

This paper introduces the basic conceptions and key technology of the Ajax and some popular frameworks in the J2EE architecture, try to integrate all the frameworks into a new framework. The developers can develop web applications much more convenient by using this framework and the web application can provide a more friendly and interactive platform to the end users. At last an example is given to explain how to use the new framework to build a web-based management system of the softswitch network.

Geographically-distributed computing application for science and enterprise are emerging services for providers, and the optical network is expected to be involved in such the grid computing application by using GMPLS protocols for its high performance. In the optical grid network, network delay and fault recovery time are very important for some special distributed application. However, bandwidth guarantee and dynamic bandwidth provisioning are achieved by the cost of LSP setup delay. In this paper, a parallel GMPLS-based signaling method is proposed to decrease the connection setup time effectively so as to provide fast dynamic bandwidth for grid applications. We implement this novel method on our optical grid network test-bed (GOGrid) and draw the conclusions.

On-demand reservation strategy is proposed for optical network resource scheduling. The proposed approach introduces time window reservation on grid integrated with wavelength-routed optical network, according to the application request with anticipant time range and rate. The time window deploys variable size, when time-window is not suitable for current application requirement, the resource scheduler can negotiate the next time window allocation with the switch. Time-window resource reservation approach loans dividing time multiplexing mechanism. Considering with multiple parallel lightpaths' monopolization, the proposed reservation approach improves network resource request service rate and makes the application having the QoS-aware ability.

A model to realize load balance among multiple resources and multiple processing nodes and introduces the mechanism into co-scheduler in Optical Grid resource Functional Architecture Model is brought forward and a multi-round linear approximation of adaptive algorithm is proposed in this paper. We validate the algorithm with the experimental researches. The result shows that the optimal load balance among the optical grid workers can be obtained.

Optical grid is expected to be an efficient infrastructure to support advanced data-intensive grid applications. In optical grid, the faults of both computational and network resources are inevitable due to the large scale and high complexity of the system. Even though many researches have been published on fault-tolerance policy for either grid system or optical network, but few works have been done to consider fault-tolerance when faults may happen in grid system and optical networks. In this paper, we address to the fault-tolerance problem in optical grid system and propose a rescheduling policy to handle both computational resources and network resources faults. Simulation results prove that our policy achieves better performance.

Facing the evolvement of the Optical Grid technology, dynamic task scheduling can largely improve the efficiency of the Grid environment under the real circumstances. We propose a Serve On Time (SOT) algorithm - based on the idea of combining all the dynamic multi tasks so that all the tasks will obtain the rights to be served as soon as possible. We then introduce the basic First Come First Serve (FCFS) algorithm. A simulation will show the advantage of SOT.

In this paper we proposed a Max-Flow Oriented Algorithm (MFOA) to achieve the shortest finish time in Time-Path Scheduling Problem (TPSP). The signification of our algorithm is that it combines both benefits of the Max-Flow algorithm and heuristic algorithms, so we can achieve a better result with lower time cost. Another feature of our algorithm is that all the data on the same node in the network can be considered as a single merged data, so the time cost is mainly depended on the network topology and the task numbers will not affect the time cost much. This feature makes our algorithm suitable for large scale applications. In this paper we figured out the relationship of Max-Flow routing and our objective: shortest finish time, and how the Max-Flow theoretic helps to achieve it. We also build the mathematical model of our MFOA with Max-Flow Oriented Scheduling (MFOS) rerouting strategy. To investigate the performance of our algorithm, we compare it with existing optimization algorithm and algorithms with 4 other heuristic rerouting strategies. Based on the results of simulations on different topologies, our algorithm is best in most of the situations. Besides the method used in this paper also helps to develop more efficient algorithms.

The Layer 1 Virtual Private Network (L1VPN) technology supports multiple user networks over a common carrier transport network. We present an L1VPN management architecture where network providers manage physical network infrastructures, service providers manage L1VPN services by composing individual network resources into L1VPNs, end users invoke L1VPN management services to configure operational L1VPNs. Using a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) and Web Services (WS), we implemented an L1VPN management tool, called User Controlled Light Paths (UCLP). Network providers use the tool to partition resources at the L1VPN level by assigning resources, together with the WS based management services for the resources, to service providers. Service providers use the tool to receive resource partitions from multiple network providers and partner service providers. Further resource partitioning or re-grouping can be conducted on the received resources, and leasing or trading resources with partner service providers is supported. After the service providers compose the use scenarios of resources, and make the use scenarios available to the L1VPN end users as WS, the end users reconfigure the L1VPN without intervention of either network or service providers.

We review some of the recent developments of optical performance monitoring (OPM) in various aspects: (i) the enhancement of monitoring resolution, (ii) multi-impairment monitoring, and (iii) OPM network optimization. In particular, some of the studies on the optimization of performance monitoring networks to achieve the optimal monitoring locations and number of monitoring probes are discussed.

With wide development of communication network and IP technology, effective management of network switch becomes an important problem. Cluster management technology enables to effectively realize network management of LAN, CAN, MAN. On CTP and CMP protocol, it implements HTTP and Console mode of network management. Testing result indicates that it effectively economize IP address resource. At the same time, solution projects of cluster management meet the demand of campus network, enterprise network and other network, have advantages of low cost, simple configuration and easy maintenance.

With the development of diversity requirements, researches on service management based on QoS guaranteed have been paid more and more attention. On the perspective of service-orientation, this paper presents an integrated suite of network management system on optical burst switching (OBS) ring network, which combines network services and management services referencing the traditional models of network management. In the first place, an introduction of service-oriented management architecture in aspect of conceptions and significances is given, and then extend several key technologies within the existing service-oriented architecture according to OBS ring's special characteristics. Also some superiorities and shortages of the implemented system are explained in the end.

Service plane has been proposed to meet the increasing complexity in the next generation optical networks. In this paper a novel framework of Web Services - Service Plane (WS-SP) is developed and applied to the adaptive multi-service optical netowork (AMSON) testbed, on which some experiment results are presented.

This paper introduces a novel method to design SNMP-based network management system of GE-PON and its management applications. Then it introduces how to establish a web server on GE-PON NMS platform, and methods to realize the system in the Manager and Agent. Finally, a simulation result is given to show the feasibility and superiority of this method.

FTTH based on Gigabit Ether Passive Optical Networks(G-EPONs) has been spreading steadily in Japan. The focus of the near term developments in optical access technology will shift to support the migration from working PON systems to next generation access (NGA) systems. New technologies for 10 Gbit/s TDM access and WDM access are being extensively investigated to realize higher capacity and/or new services cost effectively on the existing PON fiber infrastructure while customers continue to receive legacy services. This paper describes the key technologies being investigated for such future optical access systems that can be installed seamlessly over working PONs.

Performance management is a very important part of network management system, it monitors network usage and troubleshoot network-related problems, captures and stores significant network traffic data to analysis network QoS. A methodology of performance management for EPON is proposed in this paper, which consists of three parts: statistics collector, embedded performance database, data analyzer and processor.

A new algorithm to implement dynamic bandwidth allocation in Gigabit-capable passive optical network is proposed. This algorithm can support five types of T-CONT and assure protection and fairness characteristics as to bandwidth allocation. A computer simulation result is shown that the new algorithm has good performance.

Recently wireless mesh network has been gaining increasing attention and early versions are being deployed as municipal access solutions to eliminate the wired drop to every wireless router at customer premise. In this paper, we propose a novel access network using reconfigurable optical burst switching grid network and wireless mesh network. The proposed access network architecture saves network deployment cost because fiber need not penetrate to each end user. We also propose a hierarchical routing protocol to enhance the routing efficiency.

In this paper, we propose a novel IPTV channel leave mechanism for Passive Optical Network (PON). By explicit user tracking and automatic differentiation of IGMP v2 and v3 users, the proposed mechanism can realize immediate channel leave in both Optical Line Terminal (OLT) and Optical Network Unit (ONU) while avoiding removing the channel which still has users. Simulation results show that the proposed mechanism can significantly save the bandwidth consumption during "channel surf" by users, compared to the standard IGMP timeout mechanism.

Passive optical networks (PON) is being considered as a promising solution for next generation broadband access network due to the convergence of broad bandwidth and low-cost fiber infrastructure along with its ability to successfully support IP-based multimedia applications. PON system has its individual bandwidth allocation mechanism compared with core network allocating bandwidth based on service priority level. However, no uniform bandwidth allocation mechanism from access network to care network. In this paper we propose a novel method of extended bandwidth allocation mechanism among multi-PON systems; then extended dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithm in a Gigabit-capable PON (GPON) system for core network is presented. The bandwidth management mechanism among multi-optical line terminals (OLTs) can provide an end-to-end bandwidth guarantee for data transmission. We conduct detailed simulation experiments to study the performance and validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The character of 1Gbps bandwidth and tree-based structure make EPON very suitable for broadcast or multicast services such as IPTV. In this paper we focus on security mechanisms that should be available to groups that specifically request it, and therefore are willing to pay the extra cost of implementing those mechanisms. We concentrate on two issues: how unauthorized multicast traffic can be prevented by means of multicast transit traffic control; how a group's susceptibility is likely to be reduced by means of multicast group access control. We have proposed a novel scheme that should be available to multicast groups that desire precautionary measures be taken to avert the threats of Invalid source and unauthorized access.

We propose and demonstrate the use of 10-Gb/s inverse-RZ data as downstream signal in WDM-PON to injection-lock a directly modulated Fabry-Perot laser used for the upstream signal at 1Gb/s.

The Ethernet PON (EPON) system has many advantages, such as compliance with traditional Ethernet, supporting Triple-play, simple system architecture, etc. It has become one of the best technologies in the next generation access network, In EPON it is important to control upstream traffic because optical network units (ONUs) use a single shared medium, In this paper, a new DBA algorithm was proposed to support priority and fairness among the ONUs over EPON. The performance of the proposed DBA algorithm was evaluated through simulation results and compared with the IPACT algorithm. From the simulation result, we have confirmed that the new DBA algorithm can reduce the average queue length.

WDM-PON is known as a promising technology for future access network. This paper investigates the performance of a novel 2.5Gbps WDM-PON Network architecture which employs new PON optical add/drop multiplexer (OADM), in order to support high coverage in unlimited scaling. Based on the architecture, higher installation and maintenance costs can be reduced, and the access network design can support symmetric transmission rate 10Gbps for distance up to 30 km is demonstrated.

PON (passive optical network) has employed widely in FTTH (fiber to the home) as an attractive technology for "the last mile" in access network, which have been developed in various ways such as broadband-PON (B-PON), Ethernet-PON (E-PON), and wavelength division multiplexed (WDM)-PON. In particular the WDM-PON has been considered as a next-generation solution to follow the time division multiplexing TDM-PONs, and most studies to combine TDM and WDM techniques for near future deployment. In this paper we propose a new hybrid CWDM/TDM-PON architecture which is called nhCT-POM (New Hybrid CWDM/TDM-PON). And a novel idea about wavelengths multiplex/de-multiplex based on point-to-multipoint structure is presented. The following contents are expatiated in this paper: the overall nhCT-PON architecture, the OLT (optical line terminal) design, the RNMux/ Demux (remote node mutiplex/demultiplex) design, ONU/ONT (optical network unit/optical network terminal) design and the coverage of nhCT-PON.

Optical multi-service transport networks are on the edge of new round of revolution from automation to autonomy. The viewpoint of adaptability is proposed as an important topic to understand future optical networks in this paper. Related studies have been deployed in the aspects of service-oriented, traffic-oriented and media-oriented adaptability.

T-MPLS is a connection-oriented packet switched solution for transport networks. The standardization process is pushed by ITU-T and IETF, many recommendation appeared in these days. T-MPLS is much easier to achieve a convergent packet platform for any L2 protocol. It focuses on the packet transport application that adhere to the standard groups. Although IETF PWE3 WG have already specified the common architecture for L2/L3 service encapsulation, as different service always has different characteristics. So we propose a control mechanism for dual label transport across T-MPLS in this paper, through which we can easily achieve a convergent packet transporting platform for any L2 and L3 protocols, . At last, a flow chart for T-MPLS realization and a FSM structure have been introduced.

T-MPLS is regarded as one of the most important transport technologies in the next generation network, it a connection oriented packet transport technology develop from MPLS techniques, now defined by ITU-T SG13 & SG15. In this paper, we analyze the architecture of the transport MPLS networks, the most important building blocks for the modular design of the common T-MPLS equipment are introduced. And based on the functional blocks, a four-layer simulation T-MPLS node structure is developed. And the simulation environment is introduced. Many kinds of research can be done using this T-MPLS simulation tool, such as the research of the feasibility T-MPLS design, the inter-working between the T-MPLS and the PWE.

Discusses the network architecture designed for providing carrier class metro Ethernet services over T-MPLS packet transport network. Analyzes its characteristics and advantages from the aspects of data transport, OAM, end-to-end QoS, protection mechanism and interworking.

It Researches key technologies and hardware node structure of the Transport MPLS packet network. Main technology is super high speed FPGA. The transport plane adapts the layer 3 service signals from client equipments and forwards them. There are two types of node in transport plane, edge node (EN) or core node (CN), and the nodes realized with large-scale FPGA chip have three main function units and six types of board. The EN adapts the layer 3 service signals such as TDM, Packet and Cell to TM signals by add shim. The CN is responsible for the TM signals switching in higher speed than traditional packet network such as Ethernet. Control plane is embedded in a FPGA chip and designed based on the ASON core technique (GMPLS) such as the transport label switching path (T-LSP) maintaining (set up, release, state monitoring), route controlling and protect recovering and so on.

Understanding network traffic behavior is essential for all aspects of network design and operation, e.g. component design, protocol design, provisioning, operations, administration and maintenance (OAM). A careful study of traffic behavior can lead to improvements in underlying protocols to attain greater efficiencies and higher performance. Many researches have shown that traffic in Ethernet and other networks, either in local or wide area networks, exhibit properties of self-similarity. Several empirical studies on network traffic indicate that this traffic is self-similar in nature. However, the network modeling methods used in current networks have been primarily designed and analyzed under the assumption of the traditional Poisson arrival process. These "Poisson-like" models suggest that the network traffic is smooth, which is inherently unable to capture the self-similar characteristic of traffic. In this paper, after introduce the high performance broadband information network (3Tnet) of China, an aggregation model at access convergence router (ACR) is proposed and analyzed in 3Tnet. We studied the impact of large-scale aggregation applied at the edge of 3Tnet in terms of the self-similarity level observed at the output traffic in presence of self-similar input traffic. Two formulas were presented to describe the changes of Hurst parameter. Using OPNET software simulator, changes of traffic characteristics after large-scale aggregation in 3Tnet was extensive studied. The theoretic analysis results were consistent with the simulation results.

Due to the network's complexity, the network simulation is essential for the development and analysis of internetworking technology. The simulation needs to be performed on certain network topology, which requires the topology generator to generate topology that is similar to real network. The network topology generator evolves from the random model to the hierarchical model, and then to the power-law model. Based on the presentation and analysis of existing topology generators, a novel hybrid topology generator is proposed. The principle of this generator is to divide the network into two hierarchies, and then generate the inter-domain topology based on the power-law model and the intra-domain one on the Waxman model. It is shown that the topologies generated by the proposed generator are more similar to real network than the existing generators.

Network traffic grows in an unpredictable way, which forces network operators to over-provision their backbone network in order to meet the increasing demands. In the consideration of new users, applications and unexpected failures, the utilization is typically below 30% [1]. There are two methods aimed to solve this problem. The first one is to adjust link capacity with the variation of traffic. However in optical network, rapid signaling scheme and large buffer is required. The second method is to use the statistical multiplexing function of IP routers connected point-to-point by optical links to counteract the effect brought by traffic's variation [2]. But the routing mechanism would be much more complex, and introduce more overheads into backbone network. To exert the potential of network and reduce its overhead, the use of Valiant Load-balancing for backbone network has been proposed in order to enhance the utilization of the network and to simplify the routing process. Raising the network utilization and improving throughput would inevitably influence the end-to-end delay. However, the study on delays of Load-balancing is lack. In the work presented in this paper, we study the delay performance in Valiant Load-balancing network, and isolate the queuing delay for modeling and detail analysis. We design the architecture of a switch with the ability of load-balancing for our simulation and experiment, and analyze the relationship between switch architecture and delay performance.

With the increasing number of internet users, more and more real-time services are added into the network, such as IPTV, online-video, Voice over IP, etc. As we know, throughput is a highly important performance criterion for scheduling algorithms of networks. Besides throughput, these growing real-time services are very sensitive to delay variance termed as jitter. Therefore, high performance scheduling algorithm should achieve good performance in terms of throughput, delay, jitter and fairness together. Scheduling algorithm with deadline-awareness employed in packet switching plays a key role in QoS guarantees. Although traditional hard-deadline can provide guarantee on in-node delay-deadline criteria, the end-to-end delay-deadline criteria cannot be guaranteed due to the characteristic of hard-deadline, while the delay-deadline guaranteed throughput is low. Thus, soft-deadline scheduling algorithm has been proposed. In this paper, we investigate and compare the classical hard-deadline and soft-deadline switching algorithm. A new scheme "Bonus System" is proposed in order to realize the idea of soft-deadline switching algorithm. Bonus System based on soft-deadline is compared with classical Early-Deadline First scheme based on hard-deadline, which shows that Bonus System has better performance in End-to-End deadline guarantee.

Many distributed computing applications need transfer large files between distributed locations as fast as possible. A dynamic routing algorithm for optical network is designed to modify existing transfers and spare network resources for new request to satisfy both old and new transfers' requirements. In data intensive application on circuit-switch optical network, light-path resources are scarce and there should be concurrent file transfers competing for the same fibers. In static routing optical network, if new coming file transfer cannot acquire light-path with enough bandwidth, it could only wait for the releasing of current used resources. Due to the waiting, the delay time will be large. So we use our dynamic routing algorithm to schedule and modify existing light-paths, to spare a light-path with enough bandwidth for new coming file. Our optimized target is to make every file finish transferring in less time, so we propose two objectives defined in the paper: one is to make maximal delay time of all tasks less and the other is to make average delay time less. The algorithm proposed has two mainly steps: 1) Routing process; 2) Dynamic routing process. In routing step, when task of file arrives we firstly get k random paths, then use Least Congestion Algorithm (LCA) (or Shortest Path Algorithm (SPA)) to get the primary path P1 of maximal residual bandwidth (RB) from k paths and the alternate path P2 of the second maximal RB. If the bandwidth of P1 is enough for this task, transfer the file in P1 path. If not, we go to the dynamic routing process. In the second process, get all the links of P1 then we change the existing light paths of tasks in the P1 path one by one to their alternative paths until we can get enough bandwidth of P1. In the dynamic routing process, we design two different queuing strategies. The first strategy is First Arrive First Modified (FAFM) strategy, namely we schedule the first arrival task firstly. The other is Larger Bandwidth First Modified (LBFM) and the file with larger bandwidth is scheduled firstly. By comparison of simulation results, we can prove that our two kinds of dynamic routing algorithms can get better results for both decreasing maximal delay time and average delay time than LCA and SPA routing algorithms. In the two queuing strategies, LBFM can get better results than FAFM strategy. The receivers in the destinations can get better results by using our dynamic routing algorithm.

Crankback is an effective method to enhance the connectivity in the control plane of ASON. By introducing crankback and computing a new route, connection that hasn't sufficient resource along the origin route can be re-established along a new route. In existing crankback mechanism, A PATH ERROR message has to be sent back to the source node in the case of resource insufficient and the source node undertakes the rerouting job. With this mechanism the connectivity is improved, but the connection establishing time is prolonged. A crankback mechanism based on local node rerouting is proposed. The simulation shows that the local node rerouting crankback mechanism gains a smaller connection establishing time than that of the source node rerouting one.

This paper investigates the efficiency of deploying distributed dynamic routing with different adaptive weight functions using the GMPLS control plane in optical transport networks. Improved TAW function is presented. The limitations of employing adaptive weight functions are also validated compared to direct routing.

We proposed and demonstrated a novel full-duplex radio-over-fiber system using an optical phase modulator and optical interleaver to generate DWDM optical millimetre wave for carrying downstream data and wavelength reuse for uplink connection. Since the optical phase modulator we used has not a dc-bias controller, and the optical interleaver is not as sensitive to temperature as a fiber Bragg grating, the stability of the generated DWDM optical millimeter wave is largely improved, and the optical power is effectively utilized because the remaining optical carriers with high power have been reused. Moreover, the limitation of chromatic dispersion is greatly reduced due to avoiding the generation of higher order sidebands via driving the phase modulator with optimized RF signal. So this system shows cost-efficient configuration and good performance over long-distance delivery.

IP with generalized multi-protocol label switching (GMPLS) directly over WDM is recognized as the promising architecture for next generation network (NGN), which utilizes all-optical transparent model in its physical layer without optical-electrical-optical (OEO) conversion. However, the architecture itself raises the coupling issue of optical and network layers, which just begins drawing the attention of researchers. We present a systematic approach for evaluating performance of an illustrative 40Gbps 16λ IP/GMPLS over WDM network, considering both linear and nonlinear optical impairments. Results obtained show that the effective network performance parameters are affected by optical impairment apparently.

In this paper, the architecture of the optical networks based on Time-Space Label (TSL) Switching is described in detail, including Time-Space Label and Time-Space Routing algorithm. The switching mode is more flexible and scalable. The labels can be changed to fit for different kinds of optical switching technologies, such as Optical Circuit Switching (OCS), Optical Burst Switching (OBS) and Optical Packet Switching (OPS). The TSL switching has a very wide range of applications in the optical networks. In the existing signaling protocols of OBS, the routing and the signaling are separated. However, TSL switching combines both of them together. Moreover, the resource reservations are realized in a two-dimension Time-Space plane, and the blocking probability is reduced greatly. The mature electronic processing technologies and the high-speed optical transport are cooperated effectively in the TSL switching. On the other hand, Multi-Granularity (MG) Switching can groom the vast bypass traffic in the optical networks effectively, with which the core nodes are simplified, and the throughput is increased significantly. When MG switching is combined with TSL switching, the performance of the entire network will be improved greatly. A test system built for validating the MG switching based on TSL is described, and the results show the switching performance of different granularities correctly.

A large-size optical network will carry different classes of traffic. Several previous papers suggest a priority-based routing scheme. The key property of this scheme is that low priority traffic's working paths can share resources with high priority traffic's backup paths. They have proposed Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulations to implement this routing scheme and optimize network resource. However, they did not propose the detailed heuristic algorithm for priority-based lightpath allocation. In this paper, we describe the detailed heuristic algorithm, Level of Service Algorithm (LSA). Furthermore, since low priority traffic can share resource with high priority lightpath's backup path, we proposed an Enhanced Resource Shared Algorithm (ERSA). Simulations show that it has good performance in resource utilization ratio and blocking probability.

In order to enable the existing optical circuit switching (OCS) network to support both wavelength and subwavelength granularities, this paper proposes overlay-based multi-layer network architecture for interworking the generalized multi-protocol label switching (GMPLS) controlled OCS network with optical burst switching (OBS) networks. A dedicated GMPLS border controller with necessary GMPLS extensions, including group label switching path (LSP) provisioning, node capability advertisement, and standard wavelength label as well as wavelength availability advertisement, is introduced in this multi-layer network to enable a simple but flexible interworking operation. The feasibility of this proposal is experimentally confirmed by demonstrating an OBS/GMPLS testbed, in which the extended node capability advertisement and group LSP functions successfully enabled the burst header packet (BHP) and data burst (DB) to transmit over a GMPLS-controlled transparent OCS network.

In this paper, three dimensions of the retransmission in OBS networks, including time, wavelength and routing, are proposed. The performance of each dimension is compared by simulation, and the results show that the alternative routing scheme has the lowest burst loss probability.

The paper presents a novel WDM-PON architecture with converged TDM-PON and WIMAX to provide wired and wireless services at a uniform platform. The QoS map mechanism at isomerous network with theory and simulation comparison is given. As a novel of network architecture, this paper presents the basical survivability and reliability evaluation.

Radio-over-Fiber (RoF) is a promising technology with a number of benefits including huge bandwidth, high reliability, transparency and flexibility that make it attractive to fulfill the future broadband bandwidth requirements. These optical-wireless network architectures have potential to support broadband wireless access at over 1Gbps. Potential areas include WDM-based RoF architectures with dispersion mitigation to further enhance spectral efficiency of overall system. Cost-effective full-duplex solution that supports uplink and downlink data transmission at high RF is another area to focus and is covered in the review. This paper explains the RoF approach and various related aspects. It also provides a comparative analysis on recently proposed RoF architectures. In addition, strengths and weaknesses of proposed architectures and employed techniques are identified with future directions for possible enhancements indicated.

Easy and complete solutions for implementing fiber-at-the-home networks are presented in terms of optical cable installation, fiber connectorization, fiber distribution, and optoelectronic interfacing modules. Multi-functional capabilities of the fiber-at-the-home networks for broadband communication, building energy management, fire alarming, and structural health monitoring are proposed.

It is the research hotspot of current broadband network to combine voice service, data service and broadband audio-video service by IP protocol to transport various real time and mutual services to terminal users (home). Home Networking is a new kind of network and application technology which can provide various services. Home networking is called as Digital Home Network. It means that PC, home entertainment equipment, home appliances, Home wirings, security, illumination system were communicated with each other by some composing network technology, constitute a networking internal home, and connect with WAN by home gateway. It is a new network technology and application technology, and can provide many kinds of services inside home or between homes. Currently, home networking can be divided into three kinds: Information equipment, Home appliances, Communication equipment. Equipment inside home networking can exchange information with outer networking by home gateway, this information communication is bidirectional, user can get information and service which provided by public networking by using home networking internal equipment through home gateway connecting public network, meantime, also can get information and resource to control the internal equipment which provided by home networking internal equipment. Based on the general network model of home networking, there are four functional entities inside home networking: HA, HB, HC, and HD. (1) HA (Home Access) - home networking connects function entity; (2) HB (Home Bridge) Home networking bridge connects function entity; (3) HC (Home Client) - Home networking client function entity; (4) HD (Home Device) - decoder function entity. There are many physical ways to implement four function entities. Based on theses four functional entities, there are reference model of physical layer, reference model of link layer, reference model of IP layer and application reference model of high layer. In the future home network should have broadband network function, public network function, and compositive multi-service and multi-application function, etc.

We propose to classify the sensing data in the next generation home network according to the level of importance. Traffic management for the data sent by various applications is described, together with some simulation results. The proposed traffic management scheme is shown to control the data correctly.

In this paper, a novel congestion control for multimedia traffics in Metro Ethernet Networks known as Jitter-Based Congestion Control (JBCC) is proposed. The basic ideal of JBCC is that the jitter-corrupted multimedia packets are useless to the client and it is a waste of network resources to continue to forward these packets in the networks. JBCC improves the QoS of multimedia stream in Metro Ethernet Network by detecting and discarding packets that accumulated enough jitter so as to maintain a high bandwidth for packets that stay within the multimedia stream's jitter tolerance. Simulation results have shown that the proposed scheme can effectively lower the average received packet jitter than that using traditional congestion control algorithm RED and DropTail. Moreover, the proposed scheme can improve the useful goodput of the received packets when compared to RED and DropTail.

Based on ATCA architecture, the paper described a prototype design of storage network switch which offers high performance, high reliability and high scalability, and the storage network switch allows FC-SAN, IP-SAN and NAS connect and communicate with each other easily.

In switch scheduling, jitter becomes an important performance criterion for increasing real-time applications. Low Jitter Decomposition (LJS) was proposed in the frame-based scheduling switches [9]. However, we notice that in LJS, the bandwidth requirement of schedule tables is greater than the actual amount of traffic. The redundant bandwidth requirement not only wastes the resource of switch, but also introduces an extra jitter. In this paper, we propose two algorithms to reduce the extra jitter caused by redundancy: Integer Average Redundancy Control (IARC) and Dichotomy Sequence Redundancy Control (DSRC). We demonstrate that the jitter bound of the two algorithms is lower than that of the scheme without redundancy control. Simulation experiments show that DSRC and IARC can reduce nearly 50% jitter of the scheme without redundancy control at medium switch load. We also show that DSRC has a low complexity (O(1) for each input-output pair) which is important for high-speed switches.

In the IPTV systems, multicasting will play a crucial role in the delivery of high-quality video services, which can significantly improve bandwidth efficiency. However, the scalability and the signal quality of current IPTV can barely compete with the existing broadcast digital TV systems since it is difficult to implement large-scale multicasting with end-to-end guaranteed quality of service (QoS) in packet-switched IP network. China 3TNet project aimed to build a high performance broadband trial network to support large-scale concurrent streaming media and interactive multimedia services. The innovative idea of 3TNet is that an automatic switched optical networks (ASON) with the capability of dynamic point-to-multipoint (P2MP) connections replaces the conventional IP multicasting network in the transport core, while the edge remains an IP multicasting network. In this paper, we will introduce the network architecture and discuss challenges in such IP over Optical multicasting for video delivery.

The Phosphorus project focuses on delivering advanced network services to Grid users and applications interconnected by heterogeneous infrastructures. The project is addressing some of the key technical challenges to enable on-demand end-to-end network services across multiple domains. The Phosphorus network concept makes applications aware of their complete Grid resources environment -computational and networking- and its capabilities. Phosphorus enables and tests dynamic adaptive and optimised use of the heterogeneous network infrastructure interconnecting various high-end resources. The project will demonstrate on-demand service delivery across access-independent multi-domain/multi-vendor research network test-beds on a European and worldwide scope. Phosphorus enhances and demonstrates solutions that facilitate vertical and horizontal communication among applications middleware and the network resources across different domains, managed by existing Network Resource Provisioning Systems (NRPS), or domains that integrate a new Grid-GMPLS (G²MPLS) Control Plane, both under a new AAA architecture to support policy based on-demand network resource provisioning. This G²MPLS extends ASON/GMPLS in order to provide part of the functionalities related to the selection, co-allocation and maintenance of both Grid and network resources, by exposing upgraded interfaces at the UNI and E-NNI network reference points -i.e. G.OUNI and G.E-NNI-. The project outcomes are going to be demonstrated in a worldwide test-bed.

"Agile All-Photonic Networks" (AAPN) is the theme of a Canadian research collaboration. An AAPN is a wavelengthdivision- multiplexed network that consists of several overlaid stars formed by edge nodes that aggregate traffic, interconnected by bufferless optical core nodes that perform fast switching in order to provide bandwidth allocation in sub-wavelength granularity. Specific issues addressed in this context are (a) efficient bandwidth allocation, (b) routing of MPLS flows over the AAPN, (c) allocation of protection paths, and (d) development of a demonstration prototype. This paper high-light research results and design choices related to these issues.

This paper describes recent advances in high capacity WDM transmission technologies. The 40 Gbps OTN system-LSI implementation technologies for 40 Gbps WDM transport systems, which accommodate not only 40 Gbps client signals such as STM-256/OC-768, but also STM-64/OC192 and 10 gigabit Ethernet (10 GbE) client signals, and support fully transparent transport are reviewed. A 44.6Gbps RZ-DQPSK WDM transmission experiment utilizing a single chip OTN system-LSI is described. The challenges for over 10 Tbps long haul WDM transmission with the channel rate over 100 Gbps for the WAN (wide area network) transport of 100 gigabit Ethernet (100 GbE) LAN client signals are also reviewed. Feasibility of novel modulation formats and distributed amplification is confirmed by WDM transmission experiments.

The explosion of Internet traffic has brought about an acute need for high-performance networks. The bandwidth available on a single fiber has increased dramatically by the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technologies. How to use the huge bandwidth flexibly and efficiently is one of the hot topics of optical networks. It is high time that the high-performance switches/routers should be designed. All-optical switching network is a networking platform with effective and agile utilization of the available optical bandwidth. Some promising optical switching networks, such as optical packet switched, optical burst switched, and optical label switched networks are proposed. The benefit of these networks compared to the existing optical WDM networks rises from the higher network utilization at sub-wavelength granularity and from the supporting of more various services. However, there are still a lot of challenges. One challenge of them is contention. Due to the fact that the viable optical random access memory is not available in the optical domain so far, there exists a real possibility that packets may contend with one another at a switching node. In this paper, a novel node architecture called packet calking switch is proposed for all-optical switching networks. The proposed architecture is accompanied by a signaling protocol for packet-based traffic handling. This proposed node architecture is introduced into a simple network and a mesh network through simulation. The simulation results show that it is suitable for prioritized packet transmission. And it is more cost-effective than the existing node architectures because it requires much smaller optical switches and wavelength conversion to achieve nearly the same packet drop performance as the node configured partial wavelength conversion.

A constrained preferential attachment mechanism is proposed for the modeling of network architecture and system designing, network growth and node balancing in large and complex network systems. The mechanism applied to optimize a balanced growth in the network architecture. The methods for random networks to display real world network behavior with growth and balance are explored. An idea of best node is introduced to formulate a balanced model of network architecture with preservation of resources for network growth. New terms are introduced and existing terms are also reviewed and explored. Network graph theory reviewed to answer the important questions related to complex network systems.

A constrained preferential attachment mechanism is proposed for the load balancing and the constrained preferential attachment mechanism [16] is explored for the robustness in large and complex network systems. The constrained preferential attachment policy method applied to optimize the load balancing of services or resources in grid computing environment for quality of services. It is presented how uniform utilization of resources can be achieved by using constrained preferential attachment policy method. A mathematical model is designed to work with constrained preferential attachment mechanism [16] for the network nodes/load re-balancing in case of attack or failure. Network graph theory reviewed to answer the important questions related to complex network systems load balancing and robustness.

We first propose the genetic algorithms (GA) to deal with strictly non-blocking grooming problems in optical tree networks. We describe strictly non-blocking grooming problems in Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) optical trees with traffics and find the lower and upper bounds. Here we use the (μ + λ)-strategy to produce offspring for the genetic algorithm, and apply the technology of wavelengths-reuse in the decoding of the individual in the genetic algorithms. The performance of the proposed strictly non-blocking grooming algorithm was tested in tree networks with different granularity and different number of traffic patterns. Computer simulation results show that our algorithm can achieve very good results in saving both ADM's and wavelength in tree networks.

It is necessary to transport TDM (time division multiplexing) over packet network such as IP and Ethernet, and synchronization is a problem when carrying TDM over the packet network. Clock methods for TDM over packet network are introduced. A new adaptive clock method is presented. The method is a kind of timestamp based adaptive method, but no timestamp needs transporting over packet network. By using the local oscillator and a counter, the timestamp information (local timestamp) related to the service clock of the remote PE (provide edge) and the near PE can be attained. By using D-EWMA filter algorithm, the noise caused by packet network can be filtered and the useful timestamp can be extracted out. With the timestamp and a voltage-controlled oscillator, clock frequency of near PE can be adjusted the same as clock frequency of the remote PE. A kind of simulation device is designed and a test network topology is set up to test and verify the method. The experiment result shows that synthetical performance of the new method is better than ordinary buffer based method and ordinary timestamp based method.

In this paper we mainly discuss the low-cost way to improve the performances of wavelength routed optical networks. It is really a tough work to reduce the probability of traffic loss due to the lack of abundant lightpath between arbitrary nodes connected by precious wavelengths. Aiming to solve the problem, we probe an economical proposal that local optical nodes can be equipped with extra receiving components with cheap Chirp Bragg Gratings. Under the experimental platform of single-direction double-fibers optical network rings, this scheme has been verified, showing the result that the traffic loss ratio can be reduced significantly by adding more Chirp Bragg Gratings especially under heavy service loads. Consequently, it is feasible to improve the performance of all optical networks with several groups of Chirp Bragg grating fibers with whole consideration of cost-effective optical network design.

In this letter, aiming to obtain the best multicast performance of optical network in which the video conference information is carried by specified wavelength, we extend the solutions of matrix games with the network coding theory and devise a new method to solve the complex problems of multicast network switching. In addition, an experimental optical network has been testified with best switching strategies by employing the novel numerical solution designed with an effective way of genetic algorithm. The result shows that optimal solutions with genetic algorithm are accordance with the ones with the traditional fictitious play method.

Multi-priority traffic grooming, providing sub-wavelength traffics of different priorities with varying grooming policies, is an essential functionality for IP over WDM networks. It focuses on QoS guarantee and bigger accommodation for high priority traffics by using specific grooming policy and preemption mechanism. But even when the preemption is proposed, high priority traffics with high bandwidth requirements often experience a relatively high blocking. To resolve this issue, a traffic-partition mechanism is proposed, which partitions a traffic flow and spreads it over multiple paths. In particular, it considers number difference of o-e-o process over different paths in order to choose adapted paths to avoid receiving buffer overflow, which derives from different transmission delays over various lightpaths. The mechanism also explores a way to integrate with preemption algorithm to achieve better blocking performance. The simulation results show that it can effectively lower blocking probability for high priority traffics and bring a useful gain in network access fairness among traffics with different bandwidth requirements.

In this paper, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors network in the subgrade temperature monitoring system in Qinghai- Tibet railway is presented. The principle of the FBG temperature sensor is introduced and the feasibility of the FBG sensors in the permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibet plateau is analyzed. The FBG sensor network architecture is introduced. This sensor network includes the sensor chains embedded in the roadbed, slave optical cables, work stations including the FBG sensor interrogator and the optical router, master optical cables, and center workstation. We give the primary experimental result of this sensor network in monitoring the roadbed temperature of the railway at DK0985+000 near Chumar River. Fifteen FBG temperature sensors were embedded into the roadbed monitoring hole. The temperature data was collected after a month when the temperature field in the monitoring hole is stable. The result of the experiment shows that the FBG temperature sensors have an accuracy of 0.1 centigrade. Furthermore, the experimental result shows the stability and reliability of the FBG sensor network in the harsh environment of Qinghai-Tibet plateau. In the end, the conclusion is drawn and the prospect of the FBG sensor network in monitoring other parameters in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau is also presented.

A differentiated survivable service provisioning (DSSP) framework is investigated in this paper for optical networks providing dedicated path protection (DPP) and shared path protection (SPP) services. To tackle the service provisioning problem under the framework, spare capacity allocation (SCA) problem is studied first. The structure of the problem is captured by a set of matrices. Then, based on the matrix model, a path-flow integer linear programming (ILP) formulation is presented to find the optimal service provisioning solution for a given set of traffic demands. The objective is to minimize total capacities consumed by working and backup paths of all demands. Furthermore, network performance under the dynamic DSSP framework is illustrated in terms of blocking probability, resource overbuild and average hop distance.

Ethernet PON (EPON) has been proved to be a successful technology among all the standardized PON systems [1, 2], in terms of its cost-effective and large bandwidth virtue. And EPON has become a network of a choice for subscriber oriented digital service delivery, taking over the market previously dominated by DSL. However, with the development of advanced video services, the bandwidth capacity of current EPON seems to be not well suited for the future large deployment of triple-play services. Many researches are now taken about the Next Generation EPON; and the recent 10G EPON system standardization effort in the IEEE [3] results a lot of interest in the evolution of current PON systems towards high data rate system capable of providing a future-proof platform for delivery of personalized triple-play services. In this paper, a novel architecture of TDM-based 10GE-PON system is proposed. It combines the GE-PON and 10GE-PON systems, and provides symmetric 1Gbps/10Gbps or asymmetric access simultaneously. According to the results of the simulation on the system throughput and latency performance, the system is verified to be one solution and an important step from 1Gbit/s to 10Gbit/s for the Next Generation EPON.

In the current broadband access networks, Gigabit Ethernet passive optical networks (GE-PON) have emerged as a promising candidate for next-generation broadband access networks. As this technology evolves, the development of efficient dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms has become a key concern. Bandwidth allocation based on the TDM mechanism has been discussed to a great deal. And the dynamics of network load has been detected by the network designers and researchers, thus, different kinds of resource distribution schemes are deployed in the broadband passive optical network (PON). Resources schemes are mainly designed to fulfill the task of allocate the bandwidth according to the requirements from the end-users, concerning the priority of service and traffic-load. However, the total dynamics of traffic-load's priority can't be determined precisely and there need to be a dynamic priority group based scheduling. This paper proposes a novel dynamic bandwidth allocation scheme that exploits diff-group to implement the timeslot assignment among ONUs with two-stage priority queuing to yield a globally optimized QoS control.

The traditional mandatory access control policy (MAC) is regarded as a policy with strict regulation and poor flexibility. The security policy of MAC is so compelling that few information systems would adopt it at the cost of facility, except some particular cases with high security requirement as military or government application. However, with the increasing requirement for flexibility, even some access control systems in military application have switched to role-based access control (RBAC) which is well known as flexible. Though RBAC can meet the demands for flexibility but it is weak in dynamic authorization and consequently can not fit well in the workflow management systems. The task-role-based access control (T-RBAC) is then introduced to solve the problem. It combines both the advantages of RBAC and task-based access control (TBAC) which uses task to manage permissions dynamically. To satisfy the requirement of system which is distributed, well defined with workflow process and critically for time accuracy, this paper will analyze the spirit of MAC, introduce it into the improved T&RBAC model which is based on T-RBAC. At last, a conceptual task-role-based access control model with high security for distributed workflow and real-time application (A_T&RBAC) is built, and its performance is simply analyzed.

Optical packet assembly algorithms have great effects on the performances of optical packet switching network. When the granularity of an optical packet is almost the same as the switching time of an optical switch, optical packet assembly algorithms have to be modified. For this purpose, in this paper, two improved assembly algorithms, i.e., Threshold- Based-ST and Timer-Based-ST are proposed. The performances of the optical packet switch are evaluated by simulation experiments.

Abstract Mobile IPv6-based IPv6 Global Anycasting(MGA) proposed using Mobile IPv6 mechanisms to implement global IPv6 anycasting. The Correspondent Anycast Responder(CAR) selection in MGA can not assure that the selected Anycast Responder(AR) is the closest one to the Home Anycast Agent(HAA). We propose using round trip time(RTT) between HAA and the AR to select the CAR. Analysis and testing shows that this mechanism can achieve shorter response time than that in MGA.

Currently, many large-scale, resource-intensive applications and services such as Grids supported only by high-performance, highly distributed infrastructures are being developed. These ultra-broadband services have put forward high requirements of end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) and of dynamic resource management, which makes end-to-end optical resource provisioning necessary. For this reason an intelligent optical access network which combines advantages of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) and Passive Optical Network (PON) proposed here. In our scheme, GMPLS is in charge of providing control plane to manipulate PON communication and introduce traffic engineering, while PON technology such as WDM-PON is employed as data plane following the control of GMPLS. We describe the architecture of proposed network and illustrate the concept of common GMPLS control plane shared by both core and access network. Then the functional module of intelligent Optical Line Terminal (OLT) and Optical Network Unit (ONU) has been discussed. Finally, QoS model for access network and entire scheme for end-to-end optical service provisioning have been introduced in detail.

A main issue to be resoled urgently in multi-service supported EPON system is to find a reasonable solution for TDM service access. This paper introduces a suitable TDM access scheme which is the combination of VoIP and CESoP technology. In our EPON system design, VoIP and CESoP technology are applied respectively to deal with two main kind of TDM service - Voice and Leased line(such as E1/T1). The scheme has been implemented in our EPON system and has achieved good results in some triple-play pilot projects.

Because SONET/SDH technology which includes contiguous concatenation and virtual concatenation is used in GMPLS-Controlled Multi-services Transport Platform (MSTP) Network, it is more complex when we consider the label assignment when setting up a Label Switch Path (LSP). It is very imperative to use a method which could use the limited labels effectively. In this paper, we study the structure of the label space and different label algorithm to allocate SONET/SDH labels, which include virtual concatenation labels and contiguous concatenation labels in GMPLS-Controlled MSTP Network. We proposed a minimum Contiguous Labels Algorithm (min-CLA) to solve the problem of using the limited label space on each interface at the most degree. Different from the previous schemes worked on Route Wavelength Assignment (RWA) in the Wavelength-Division-Multiplex (WDM) networks, our scheme finds out the primary and easy method based on SONET/SDH label which has virtual concatenation labels and contiguous concatenation labels used for different kinds of needs. Because of taking the multiple services requirements into account, the proposed algorithm finds out more efficient feasible solution requiring less network resources and even find a feasible solution which will enable some label assignment failed in other label assignment algorithm and we will compare our scheme and the Fist Fit Scheme.

Current broadband access system such as ADSL can not satisfy the network applications as the development of network services. In this paper, we proposed to use WLAN technology on the HFC network as a terminal broadband access plan. First of all, theoretical analysis is given to support the feasibility of using WLAN technology on the HFC network. Then, transmission experiments and results of the proposed plan are described in this paper. The key point of the plan is to use a WLAN access point device as a modem to modulate the baseband Ethernet signal into 2.4GHz WLAN signal which then be transmitted via coaxial cable(COAX). The experimental results show that the average traffic throughput of the system could reach to approximate 20Mbps which is the theoretical throughput of 802.11g WLAN transmission. And the transmission throughput has no remarkable change no matter there is CATV signal in the system or not. Finally, conclusions are drawn out: The proposed system can work properly. WLAN signal is quite suitable to be transmitted in the coaxial cable. CATV signal and WLAN signal are not interfering with each other in the system. Using WLAN on the existing coaxial cable which has already accessed to thousands of people's home could be a cost-effective plan for broadband access on the HFC network.

As telecommunication networks have become bigger and more complex, the need for managing them more effectively, optimized their capacity and reducing their operation costs has become apparent. To be a adaptive network is becoming more urgent as the telecommunications market is continuously changing and new services have to be constructed and provided quickly and cheaply. This paper introduces an adaptive access network device based on ADP(Auto Discovery Protocol) algorithm, discusses the ADP in detail and give the system software structure.

In this paper we first provide a novel WDM-upgraded EPON architecture with single wavelength downstream at 10Gbps and multiple wavelengths upstream at 1Gbps using hybrid WDM/TDM access method. After reviewing previous work and deficiency on dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation schemes of WDM EPONs, we propose evolutionary schemes which based on bandwidth debit and credit to solve the problem of unfair bandwidth allocation. This proposed original method can achieve a win-win situation for both credit ONUs and debit ONUs. The credit ONUs obtain better service after crediting bandwidth to others; while the debit ONUs can consume more bandwidth in emergency, and return the debited bandwidth later. The simulation results show that these algorithms performed well in successful assurance of the SLA guaranteed bandwidth of ONUs in normal utilization and efficient network utilization, rather than penalties executed on all ONUs when there were some greedy ONUs.

The Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) has recently attracted more and more research attention, and is the best solution of NGN (Next Generation Network) system with predominance of both Ethernet and PON. The outstanding advantage is great use scope, good extending performance and compatibility, lower cost. The pure data EPON equipment, which is according with IEEE 802.3ah standard. This paper discusses a QoS scheme in detail. The scheme is to support muti-service QoS based on multi-LLID technology. Multi-layer classification, multiple LLID to multiple services and a concrete QoS scheme is discussed. Performing QoS based on multiple services is a hot field of EPON. This paper brings out a QoS scheme based on multi-LLID technology to support multiple services.

With the data service exploding, it gives increasing demand on network broadband, Wavelength Division Multiplex (WDM) is introduced into the communication networks, which can solve the broadband problem. This paper presents a novel technology to construct the hybrid model architecture for WDM systems. In order to improve network efficiency and decrease network cost, the different network model should be connected for each other, so, how to realize the connection of the different network model is the hotspot of the research work on optical network. The recent development in WDM technology has led to a significant increase in the available transmission capacity in wide area networks. These networks are no longer limited by transmission bandwidth, but rather by the processing capability of electronic switches, routers, and multiplexers in the network. The hybrid connection methods have four types with Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) signaling. Simulation to the hybrid model is also studied. The results indicate the novel scheme is an effective method.

In this paper, a system of digital television over EPON is first introduced. System structure and working process are described in detail, including technology scheme of each part. According to DVB-C, digital TV signal is first received, then TS streams are de-multiplexed and decrypted and so IP stream made up of TS streams is transmitted in EPON. Then, as the most important terminal device on the side of users, STB receives Ethernet data, gets the MPEG-2 TS through network processing. After that, STB parses TS file, decodes video and audio, analyzes SI data, and sends the gained data to TV to display video and EPG. Besides, STB fulfills the web browser. According to the function of the system, technical requirements and main scheme of an IPTV STB are analyzed and realized. It's based on AMD Au1200 processor with Linux operation system. The hardware and software architectures are introduced, together with functional description of every part. We realize all modules required and the experiment shows a good performance of facility and stability.

As multicast applications become more and more popular, implementing multicast in optical domain has attracted more and more attention due to its more efficient bandwidth usage. And also these services have Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirement. In this paper, the problem of cost-effective optical multicast provisioning to satisfy the differentiated leaf availability requirements is formally stated. A Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) formulation is proposed for provisioning dedicated light-tree protection with differentiated leaf availability guaranteed. The algorithm is so complex and infeasible that we also propose a feasible two-step approximate approach to solve the problem. Different from the previous schemes, our scheme finds out the primary light-trees and backup paths for multicast sessions destination nodes whose availability is not satisfied with the availability requirement. Because of taking the different leaf availability requirements into account, the proposed algorithm finds out more efficient feasible solution requiring less network resources.

The security of EPON system means information security, which involves the Confidentiality, integrity, availability, and controllabitlity. EPON is combined by PON technology and ETHERNET technology. So the analysis of its security mechanism must aim to the character of PON and ETHERNET. The applying environment and network topology should also be considered. In this paper we propose the security model of triple churning o support date encryption and decryption to avoid ONU receiving other ONU's information. We analyze security models in EPON reference model. This paper introduce the churning and de-Churning scheme, include the single churning and the triple churning, the detail of the key message mutual process and the key update process.

The performance analysis of distributed connection management for WDM optical networks with different nodal degrees is proposed in this study. In our previous study, we proposed a distributed wavelength reservation scheme with switch fabrics status. We consider the reconfiguration information of switch fabrics in the signaling protocol, which designated as the signaling with switch fabric status (SWFS). Distributed reservation algorithms will reserve the wavelength with minimum of reconfiguration times of OXCs along the route to shorten the connection establishment time. In this paper, we analysis the reservation schemes with or without SWFS for FAXC or FBXC modes, especially the performance with different nodal degrees. The simulation results indicate that schemes with SWFS have the shorter setup time, lower switching ratio than those without SWFS. The schemes for FBXC mode have the better blocking performance than those for FAXC mode. The switching ratio, the blocking probability and connection setup time decrease with the increase of nodal degrees for S-RM. The increase of the nodal degree from 2 to 3 and from 6 to 7 leads to higher nodal degree gains.

With the rapid development of high speed networks, such as Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON), traffic patterns in access networks have evolved from traditional text-oriented service to the mixed text-, voice- and video- based services, leading to so called "Triple Play". For supporting IPTV service in EPON access network infrastructure, in this article we propose a novel IPTV program multiplex access system to EPON, which enables multiple IPTV program source servers to seamlessly access to IPTV service access port of optical line terminal (OLT) in EPON. There are two multiplex schemes, namely static multiplex scheme and dynamic multiplex scheme, in implementing the program multiplexing. Static multiplex scheme is to multiplex all the IPTV programs and forward them to the OLT, regardless of the need of end-users. While dynamic multiplex scheme can dynamically multiplex and forward IPTV programs according to what the end-users actually demand and those watched by no end-user would not be multiplexed. By comparing these two schemes, a reduced traffic of EPON can be achieved by using dynamic multiplex scheme, especially when most end-users are watching the same few IPTV programs. Both schemes are implemented in our system, with their hardware and software designs described.

As Fibre Channel becomes the key storage protocol of SAN (Storage Area Network), enterprises are increasingly deploying FC SANs in their data central. Meanwhile, organizations increasingly face an enormous influx of data that must be stored, protected, backed up and replicated for mitigating the risk of losing data. One of the best ways to achieve this goal is to deploy SAN extension based on CWDM(Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing). Availability is one of the key performance metrics for business continuity and disaster recovery and has to be well understood by IT departments when deploying SAN extension based on CWDM, for it determines accessibility to remotely located data sites. In this paper, several architecture of storage extension over CWDM is analyzed and the availability of this different storage extension architecture are calculated. Further more, two kinds of high availability storage extension architecture with 1:1 or 1:N protection is designed, and the availability of protection schema storage extension based on CWDM is calculated too.

We proposed and experimentally demonstrated a novel method of optical mm-wave generation using only one Mach- Zehnder modulator (MZM) and a direct-modulator based on the method of optical carrier suppression. Using this proposed method, the 2.5Gb/s data channel was successfully transmitted over 20 km for downstream with less than 1-dB power penalty. Therefore the system configure of mm-wave generation can be further simplified and more cost effective. The transmission performance of system was analyzed theoretically and numerically. According to our research, the mm-wave generated by this scheme can be immune fiber dispersion, and the configuration of the base station can be simplified and the cost is thus reduced.

Traditional transportation networks adopt the static resource configuration while the backbone of IP data with varieties of characteristics (such as the burst, randomicity), and here arises the problem of how to allocate proper resources to them. Because some type of IP data services are very sensitive to packet loss, the quality of service drops dramatically. So it is critical to change the original static control-based mode to traffic-driven mode so as to achieve bandwidth allocation according to demand. A service-driven mechanism in IP over WDM is proposed. It adapt to the burst and randomicity characteristics of IP services. To meet different requirements, QoS of different levels and working modes is provided for users, with which network resources can be utilized more sufficiently. We established a principle experiment to demonstrate this mechanism. Due to the burst and random characteristics of IP services, the traffic flow over the allocated bandwidth is lost under the static resource configuration while the problem does not occur under the service-driven mechanism because new light path is applied and acquired to transport the extra services when the traffic flow exceeds the traffic threshold. We've tested packet loss rate of IP services running under the static resource configuration mode and the service-driven mode. From the result, we can see that the throughput of networks can be greatly improved with low packet loss rate by adopting service-driven mechanism.

For the resource allocation of optical network, grid economy can be introduced to optimize the utilization of resource. Double auction algorithm is appropriate for grid economy, but the speed of convergence of many algorithms is too slow. In this paper we proposed double auction supported optical resource scheduling framework, and then described an improved algorithm on double auction based resource allocation for optical network. We attempt to speed the course of auction and utilize price parameter to adjust the overlay. Simulation results show that our scheme can optimize the equilibrium of overlay, and optical resource can be allocated and scheduled efficiently.