This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 10438, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

In this paper we present the possibility of supercontinuum generation in the dual mode and single mode regime of highly birefringent microstructured fibers. Unique birefringent fiber geometry enables precise dispersion control in both fundamental and second order modes. Our results are related to create new functionality in the generated supercontinua: polarization based spectrum tunability and flatness control. We analyse experimentally the stability of the generation of nonlinear effects in our series of fibers, related to polarization coupling and dispersion changes. The domination of nonlinear effects can be changed in the fundamental and second order modes according to the fiber geometry in order to generate a spectrally flat broadband source. Here we demonstrate the ability to generate a customized supercontinuum in three regimes of mode operation - dual mode, fundamental mode only and second order mode only - where spectral flatness and range are controlled.

Resonant excited carriers in quantum well will relax to the ground states and cannot escape from quantum wells to form photocurrent. However, it was recently observed that most of the photo-excited carriers in InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells within a p-n junction escape from quantum wells and form photocurrent rather than relax to the ground state of the quantum wells. The absorption coefficient of multiple quantum wells is also enhanced by a p-n junction. According to the phenomenon, a novel photon detector based on interband transition of strained InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells was fabricated. Without an anti-reflection layer, the external quantum efficiency up to 31% with only 100 nm absorption thickness was measured, corresponding an absorption coefficient of 3.7×10⁴ cm^-1 that is obviously higher than previously reported values. The room temperature detectivity of the device was 1.43×10¹³ cm Hz^1/2 W^-1. For strained InAsSb/GaSb quantum wells material system, the detector showed a narrow response range from 2.1 μm to 3.0 μm with a peak around 2.6 μm at 200 K and a wide response range from 3.5 μm to 5.7 μm. The photon detectors based on interband transition show great potential applications in infrared detection operating at high temperature.

Recent advances in computation, optical projection, and non-traditional imaging sensor designs are making it possible to overcome classical optical challenges which have stood for centuries: breaking resolution “limits” in real world scenarios and capturing indirect images of obscured objects.

We describe how the use of multiple-camera imaging systems provides an interesting alternative imaging modality to conventional single-aperture imaging, but with a different challenge: to computationally integrate diverse images while demonstrating an overall system benefit. We report the use of super-resolution with arrays of nominally identical longwave infrared cameras to yield high-resolution imaging with reduced track length, while various architectures enable foveal imaging, 4π and 3D imaging through the exploitation of integral imaging techniques. Strikingly, multi-camera spectral imaging using a camera array can uniquely demonstrate video-rate imaging, high performance and low cost.

The method of amplification of hologram was applied to the so-called Rozhdestvenskiy hooks, that were obtained in the Rozhdestvenskiy interferometer (Michelson interferometer, combined with a grating spectrograph). In such a device the absorption lines reveal themselves as specific “hooks”, whose curvature provides the information about the atomic oscillator force. The holographic amplification “smoothes” the hooks and thus makes their analysis much simpler.

Infrared (IR) thermography camera became an essential tool for monitoring applications such as pedestrian detection and equipment monitoring. Most commonly used IR cameras are Long Wavelength Infrared (LWIR) cameras due to their suitable wavelength for environmental temperature. Even though the cost of LWIR cameras had been on a decline, the affordable ones only provided low-resolution images. Enhancement techniques that could be applied to visible images often failed to perform correctly on low-resolution LWIR images. Many attempts on thermal image enhancement had been on high-resolution images. Stereo calibration between visible cameras and LWIR cameras had recently been improved in term of accuracy and ease of use. Recent visible cameras and LWIR cameras are bundled into one device, giving the capability of simultaneously taking visible and LWIR images. However, few works take advantage of this camera systems. In this work, image enhancement framework for visible and LWIR camera systems is proposed. The proposed framework consists of two inter-connected modules: visible image enhancement module and LWIR image enhancement module. The enhancement technique that will be experimented is image stitching which serves two purposes: view expansion and super-resolution. The visible image enhancement module follows a regular workflow for image stitching. The intermediate results such as homography and seam carvings labels are passed to LWIR image enhancement module. The LWIR image enhancement module aligns LWIR images to visible images using stereo calibrations results and utilizes already computed homography from visible images to avoid feature extraction and matching on LWIR images. The framework is able to handle difference in image resolution between visible images and LWIR images by performing sparse pixel-to-pixel version of image alignment and image projection. Experiments show that the proposed framework leads to richer image stitching's results comparing to the results from an existing commercial software.

In order to reduce the volume of the filter and increase the number of chips on the wafer, while ensure the filter performance, a design method of the bulk acoustic wave (BAW) ladder filter is proposed. This layout design method consists of 11 design criteria and a 6-step flow. The 11 design criteria limit the shape and position of the BAW resonators (BAWRs), the distance between the BAWRs, the distance between the BAWRs and the pads and the interconnecting wire. The layout design flow has 6 steps. 1) Preset the shape of each BAWR (square/pentagon) according to its active area values. 2) Add an auxiliary circumcircle for each BAWR, tightly align all the series resonator circumcircles along a central line in order, and mate the corresponding electronically neighboring parallel resonator circumcircles one by one at a position above/below the center line. This makes an initial 3-row and n-column 2D arrangement, and the column number N is determined by the filter order. 3) Fix the very first series resonator circumcircle position and incrementally “compress” the initially self-assembled 3-row structure along the row width direction until the row height for row width bargain is no more cost effective. 4) Apodize the square series resonators and fine-tune each resonator’s shape and rotation according to above-mentioned related design criteria. 5) Wiring BAWRs and pads together. 6) A combined acoustic-electromagnetic BAW filter simulation method is used to validate the layout result. In a 5-order BAW ladder filter layout demo case, a layout fill ratio over 44% is obtained. An auto-layout program “BAW-filter Auto-layout Tool (BAT^®)” based on the presented method is also presented.

Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonators (BAWRs) have been well developed both as filters and as high sensitivity sensors in recent years. In contrast to traditional megahertz quartz resonators, BAWRs offer significant increases in resonant frequency, typically operating in gigahertz regimes. This translates into a potential sensitivity increase of more than three orders of magnitude over traditional QCM (Quartz Crystal Microbalance) devices. Given the micrometer-scale size of BAW sensor-head, read-out circuitry can monolithic integrated with this GHz transducer is urgently needed to produce small, robust, and inexpensive sensor systems. A BAW sensor read-out circuit prototype based on Pierce oscillator architecture is fulfilled in this paper. Based on the differential measurement scheme, two uniform BAWRs are used to constitute two BAW oscillators as a reference and a measurement branch respectively. The resonant frequency shift caused by the measurand is obtained by mixing and filtering the two oscillator signals. Then, the intermediate signal is amplified, shaped and converted to a digital one. And a FPGA is used for frequency detection. Taking 2 GHz BAW mass sensor as a case study, deign procedure are given in details. Simulation and experimental results reveal a 0-99 MHz frequency shift measurement range. Main factors affecting phase noise of the BAW oscillator (i.e. mainly frequency stability of the BAW sensor readout circuit) are also discussed for further optimizations.

Imaging of potential threat objects within shielded containers can be difficult, such as x-ray through dense metals e.g. Pb. Magnetic imaging tomography (MIT) offers a method by which imaging is performed on the basis of electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability rather than density. MIT has been used widely in the non-destructive evaluation (NDE) field to detect flaws and defects in solid objects, usually using inductance coils to generate and detect the magnetic field. Here, we use a tunneling magnetic resistor (TMR) to detect a field generated by a drive coil and use this data to image objects of interest within shielded enclosures.

The purpose of this paper is to present the results obtained from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and field spectroscopy campaigns for detecting underground structures. Underground structures can affect their surrounding landscapes in different ways, such as soil moisture content, soil composition and vegetation vigor. The last is often observed on the ground as a crop mark; a phenomenon which can be used as a proxy to denote the presence of underground non-visible structures. A number of vegetation indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Simple Ratio (SR), Difference Vegetation Index (DVI) and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) were utilized for the development of a vegetation index-based procedure aiming at the detection of underground military structures by using existing vegetation indices or other in-band algorithms. The measurements were taken at the following test areas such as: (a) vegetation area covered with the vegetation (barley), in the presence of an underground military structure (b) vegetation area covered with the vegetation (barley), in the absence of an underground military structure.

A coil array imaging system has been further developed from previous investigations, focusing on designing its application for fast screening of small bags or parcels, with a view to the production of a compact instrument for security applications. In addition to reducing image acquisition times, work was directed toward exploring potential cost effective manufacturing routes. Based on magnetic induction tomography and eddy-current principles, the instrument captured images of conductive targets using a lock-in amplifier, individually multiplexing signals between a primary driver coil and a 20 by 21 imaging array of secondary passive coils constructed using a reproducible multiple tile design. The design was based on additive manufacturing techniques and provided 2 orthogonal imaging planes with an ability to reconstruct images in less than 10 seconds. An assessment of one of the imaging planes is presented. This technique potentially provides a cost effective threat evaluation technique that may compliment conventional radiographic approaches.

Optical atomic clocks are the most precise measurements ever build by the mankind. Accuracy at the level of 10^-18 [1,2] and instability in mid 10^-17 after 1 s of averaging [3] was already presented. With all perturbation under control one can use a clock not only for precise time measurements but also for other physical quantity measurements, e.g. for looking for fundamental constants variations [4] or dark matter in form of topological defects [5]. Atomic clocks are also directly sensitive to the gravitational potential, i.e. they can be used as a gravitational waves detectors [6] and in relativistic geodesy [7,8]. All modern optical atomic clocks are passive, with an oscillator in the form of ultra-stable laser and a frequency discriminator in the form of cold atomic sample. We would like to propose instead an active optical atomic clock [9] as a gravitational detector. Such an active frequency standard would take advantage form both better instability and higher time resolution over already existing optical clocks. Its construction will provide a high degree of mobility, since its performance would not be limited by an instability of a fragile optical cavity. We will present potential advantages of using active optical clocks as gravitational potential detectors along with gravimeters measuring acceleration. A combination of both devices can remotely detects not only small gravitational anomalies or objects, but also precisely locate them. Moreover, shape and mass distribution can also be derived. [1] T. Nicholson et al., Nat. Commun. 6, 6896 (2015), [2] I. Ushijima et al., Nat. Photon. 9, 185 (2015), [3] M. Schioppo et al., Nat. Photon. 11, 48 (2017), [4] T. Rosenband et al., Science 319, 1808 (2008), [5] P. Wcisło et al., Nat. Astronomy 1, 0009 (2016), [6] S. Kolkowitz et al., Phys. Rev. D, 94, 124043 (2016), [7] A. Bjerhammar, NOAA Technical Rep. NOS 118 NGS 36 (1986), Available at: http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/RelativisticGeodesy_TR_NOS118_NGS36.pdf, [8] R. Bondarescu et al., Geophys. J. Int. 191, 78 (2012), [9] G. A. Kazakov et al., arXiv:1503.03998v1 [physics.atom-ph].

Current state-of-the-art technology for in-vitro diagnostics employ laboratory tests such as ELISA that consists of a multi-step test procedure and give results in analog format. Results of these tests are interpreted by the color change in a set of diluted samples in a multi-well plate. However, detection of the minute changes in the color poses challenges and can lead to false interpretations. Instead, a technique that allows individual counting of specific binding events would be useful to overcome such challenges. Digital imaging has been applied recently for diagnostics applications. SPR is one of the techniques allowing quantitative measurements. However, the limit of detection in this technique is on the order of nM. The current required detection limit, which is already achieved with the analog techniques, is around pM. Optical techniques that are simple to implement and can offer better sensitivities have great potential to be used in medical diagnostics. Interference Microscopy is one of the tools that have been investigated over years in optics field. More of the studies have been performed in confocal geometry and each individual nanoparticle was observed separately. Here, we achieve wide-field imaging of individual nanoparticles in a large field-of-view (~166 μm × 250 μm) on a micro-array based sensor chip in fraction of a second. We tested the sensitivity of our technique on dielectric nanoparticles because they exhibit optical properties similar to viruses and cells. We can detect non-resonant dielectric polystyrene nanoparticles of 100 nm. Moreover, we perform post-processing applications to further enhance visibility.

Often resonators with an equidistant spectrum are required in optics. One of ways of their receiving is the degeneracy of the frequencies of the resonator modes. For example, it is observed in the well-known classical confocal (linear) resonator. At the same time exist similar to him on properties of the configuration of the ring resonators – the confocal ring resonators. In the first approximation they can be received using in the resonator at least one concave toroidal reflective surface with the values of the radiuses of curvature in the two main meridional sections providing performance of the confocal condition and degeneration of the spectrum. For example, such resonators can be used as sensitive elements of miniature optical gyroscopes. For today properties of the confocal ring resonators have not been practically studied. This work is devoted to investigation of the confocal ring resonators with the use of computer modeling.

The paper considers results of design and modeling of continuously logical base cells (CL BC) based on current mirrors (CM) with functions of preliminary analogue and subsequent analogue-digital processing for creating sensor multichannel analog-to-digital converters (SMC ADCs) and image processors (IP). For such with vector or matrix parallel inputs-outputs IP and SMC ADCs it is needed active basic photosensitive cells with an extended electronic circuit, which are considered in paper. Such basic cells and ADCs based on them have a number of advantages: high speed and reliability, simplicity, small power consumption, high integration level for linear and matrix structures. We show design of the CL BC and ADC of photocurrents and their various possible implementations and its simulations. We consider CL BC for methods of selection and rank preprocessing and linear array of ADCs with conversion to binary codes and Gray codes. In contrast to our previous works here we will dwell more on analogue preprocessing schemes for signals of neighboring cells. Let us show how the introduction of simple nodes based on current mirrors extends the range of functions performed by the image processor. Each channel of the structure consists of several digital-analog cells (DC) on 15-35 CMOS. The amount of DC does not exceed the number of digits of the formed code, and for an iteration type, only one cell of DC, complemented by the device of selection and holding (SHD), is required. One channel of ADC with iteration is based on one DC-(G) and SHD, and it has only 35 CMOS transistors. In such ADCs easily parallel code can be realized and also serial-parallel output code. The circuits and simulation results of their design with OrCAD are shown. The supply voltage of the DC is 1.8÷3.3V, the range of an input photocurrent is 0.1÷24μA, the transformation time is 20÷30nS at 6-8 bit binary or Gray codes. The general power consumption of the ADC with iteration is only 50÷100μW, if the maximum input current is 4μA. Such simple structure of linear array of ADCs with low power consumption and supply voltage 3.3V, and at the same time with good dynamic characteristics (frequency of digitization even for 1.5μm CMOS-technologies is 40÷50 MHz, and can be increased up to 10 times) and accuracy characteristics are show. The SMC ADCs based on CL BC and CM opens new prospects for realization of linear and matrix IP and photo-electronic structures with matrix operands, which are necessary for neural networks, digital optoelectronic processors, neural-fuzzy controllers.

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI), also called imaging spectrometer, originated from remote sensing. Hyperspectral imaging is an emerging imaging modality for medical applications, especially in disease diagnosis and image-guided surgery. HSI acquires a three-dimensional dataset called hypercube, with two spatial dimensions and one spectral dimension. Spatially resolved spectral imaging obtained by HSI provides diagnostic information about the objects physiology, morphology, and composition. The present work involves testing and evaluating the performance of the hyperspectral imaging system. The methodology involved manually taking reflectance of the object in many images or scan of the object. The object used for the evaluation of the system was cabbage and tomato. The data is further converted to the required format and the analysis is done using machine learning algorithm. The machine learning algorithms applied were able to distinguish between the object present in the hypercube obtain by the scan. It was concluded from the results that system was working as expected. This was observed by the different spectra obtained by using the machine-learning algorithm.