Sign In
View Cart (
0
)
Help
About
About the Society
Community Support
Advocacy
Get Involved
International Day of Light
Awards
Press Room
Jobs at SPIE
Other SPIE Sites
optics.org
SPIEDigitalLibrary.org
SPIECareerCenter.org
Resources
Profiles
SPIE Logos
SPIE Clothing and Gifts
Conferences + Exhibitions
Conferences + Exhibitions Calendar
Exhibitions Only
SPIE.Online
Open Calls for Papers
Past Event Archives
Top 5 Conferences
SPIE Photonics West
SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing
SPIE Optics + Photonics
SPIE Medical Imaging
SPIE Advanced Lithography
Publications
Conference Proceedings
SPIE Journals
SPIE Digital Library
Books
Open Access
Information for Authors
Books
Journals
Conference Proceedings
Reprint Permissions
Membership
Explore Membership
Fellows
Senior Members
Early Career Members
Students
BACUS Group
Student Services
Early Career Resources
Corporate Membership
Industry Resources
Marketing
Become an Exhibitor
Sponsorships & Advertising
Information
Market Intelligence
Technical Information
Recruiting
Industry Events
Prism Awards
Startup Challenge
Exhibitor Database
Photonics Clusters
Education
Find a Course
Courses at Conferences
Online Courses
Course Recordings
In-Company Training
Education Outreach Resources
Technician Resources
ABET
Information For:
SPIE Instructors
Courses Attendees
News
Equity, diversity, and inclusion: a new strategies framework from SPIE.
Get a free preview of Photonics West in January.
Attend online quantum technology sessions during Photonics West.
Abstracts due 3 February 2021. Be sure your research is ready to be shared.
Equity, diversity, and inclusion: a new strategies framework from SPIE.
Get a free preview of Photonics West in January.
LATEST SPIE NEWS + STORIES
SPIE applauds key provision for scientific community in Biden immigration bill
Press Releases
Equity, diversity, and inclusion: a new strategies framework from SPIE
Community
Read how SPIE is responding to the coronavirus
Adaptive optics with cascading corrective elements
Publications
SPIE, the international society for optics and photonics, announces its 2021 Fellows
Press Releases
Meet the 2021 SPIE Award Recipients
Evolving the surgical microscope
Publications
The light way to 6G
Technology
LiFi: Coming to a factory, a school, and a car near you
Technology
More News
PREMIUM CONTENT
Sign in to read the full article
Create a free SPIE account to get access to
premium articles and original research
Sign in to your account
Create an SPIE account
Email or Username
Forgot your username?
Password
Forgot your password?
Keep me signed in
Sign In / Returning Customer
Email or Username
Forgot username?
Password
Forgot password?
Show
Keep me signed in